Pandemics: Resources

Section	Name	Description
Module 1: Lesson 1: Lessons from Previous and Current Pandemics	A Guide to Coronavirus-Related Words	Read the content under the heading "Contagious & Infectious". (1 minute) Merriam-Webster, Inc.
	Coronavirus Glossary: Key Terms About the Pandemic Explained	Read the entire page. (2 minutes) Everyday Health
	WHO Pandemics Descriptions and Main Actions by Page	Read the entire page (Phases 1 to 6, Post peak period, and post pandemic period). (5 minutes) WHO
	The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A syndemic perspective	Read the content under the headings "2. Syndemic theory," and "3. Evidence of the syndemic nature of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic." (16 minutes) Elsevier
	Environments, Behaviors, and Inequalities: Reflecting on the Impacts of the Influenza and Coronavirus Pandemics in the United States	Read the content under the headings "2.2: Influenza Pandemic: Environments and Behaviors," and "3.2: Coronavirus Pandemic: Environments and Behaviors." (20 minutes) NCBI
	Large, delayed outbreaks of endemic diseases possible following COVID-19 controls	Read the entire page. (4 minutes) Princeton University
	One Health Basics	Read the entire page. (4 minutes) CDC
	5 reasons why pandemics like COVID-19 are becoming more likely	Read the entire page and watch the video. (7 minutes) Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance
	Managing Epidemics - Key Facts About Major Deadily Diseases	Read the content on pages 25-27. (8 minutes) WHO - 2018
	A Deep Look into the Biology and Evolution of COVID-19	Watch the video from 37:10 to 41:45 (5 minutes) UC San Diego-2020
	Syndemics: health in context	Read the entire page. (5 minutes) The Lancet-2021
	Caribbean Resilience and Prosperity through One Health	Read the content under the section "21st Century Challenges in the Caribbean" on pages 13-14 and "Section III - Why Use One Health?" on pages 40-42. U.W.I.-2017
	One Health Strategic Framework 2017-2023	Read the content on pages 22-28. U.W.I.-2016
	One health approach and COVID-19: A perspective	Read the content under the headings "Human and Animal Interface," "Human and Environment Interface," and "Importance of One Health approach for COVID-19." (12 minutes) NCBI

Module 2: Lesson 1: Public Health Systems and Agencies	Building resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of centres of government	Read the content under the headings "The policy context of a major crisis" on pages 2-4 and "Strategic insights for policy and governance" on pages 17-18. (13 minutes) OECD
	The 10 Essential Public Health Services: An Overview	Read all the slides. (5 minutes) CDC
	Ensuring Health Equity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Public Health Infrastructure	Read the content from the heading "Importance of Robust Public Health Structure" to the end of the article. (7 minutes) Pan American Journal of Public Health-2020
	International Health Care System Profiles	Click on the profiles for Netherlands, Israel, and Taiwan, and read the content under the subheading "Role of government," including the diagrams showing the organization of the healthcare system. (We strongly recommend reviewing other healthcare systems around the world too and read the full content to obtain a more holistic understanding of health systems internationally.) (7 minutes) The Commonwealth Fund
	The Role of Primary Care in a Pandemic: Reflections During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada	Read the all the content from the heading "Educate and Communicate" to the end of "Pandemic Planning." (8 minutes) NCBI
	Pan American Health Organization Response to COVID-19 in the Americas.	Read the content under the heading "Introduction" on pages 1-2. If you have time, it is recommended to read the rest of the document. It provides a detailed report of PAHO's collaborations with other institutions and organizations to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean. (4 minutes) PAHO-2021
	Public health awareness: knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the general public on health risks during the H1N1 influenza pandemic	Read the content under the heading "Introduction" and "Discussion" of the article. (12 minutes) SpringerNature
	Jamaica's Effort in Improving Universal Access Within Fiscal Constraints	Read the content under the heading "2. Health Sector Overview" on pages 1-3. (7 minutes) World Bank
	Caribbean countries boost the capacities of nurses in critical care during COVID-19	Read the entire webpage. (5 minutes) WHO
	Primary health care and health emergencies	Read the content under the heading "Roles of primary health care in health emergencies" and "Primary health care and health emergencies: opportunities for action" on pages 4-23. (36 minutes) World Health Organization
	Role of primary care providers in a pandemic – conflicting views and future opportunities	Read the entire webpage. (11 minutes) US National Library of Medicine
	International Cooperative Responses to Pandemic Threats - A Critical Analysis	Read the content under the heading "4. Challenges for International Cooperative Responses to Pandemic Threats" and "5. Patterns of International Policy Responses to Infectious Disease Outbreaks and Pandemics". (12 minutes) ResearchGate
	COVID-19 in the Caribbean: Lessons Learned from the Ongoing International Medical and Scientific Cooperation	Read the entire article (11 minutes) BMJ-2021
	Emerge, detect, contain: the critical role of public health in a pandemic	Watch the entire video. (83 minutes) The University of Queenland

Module 2: Lesson 2: Pandemic Preparedness and Response	International Cooperative Responses to Pandemic Threats - A Critical Analysis	Read the content under the heading "3. The Economics of Infectious Disease and Pandemics". (5 minutes) ResearchGate
	Influence of Community and Culture in the Ethical Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in a Pandemic Situation: Deliberative Democracy Study	Read the content in the Introduction under the heading "Legal and Ethical Preparedness for an Influenza Pandemic." (2 minutes) Journal of Medical Internet Research
	Challenges of the Pandemic Response in Primary Care during Pre-Vaccination Period: A Qualitative Study	Read the content under the headings "Background" and "Discussion." (21 minutes) BMC
	Perceived barriers to the practice of preventive measures for COVID-19 pandemic among health professionals in public health facilities of the Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia: a phenomenological study	Read the content under the headings "Discussion", and "Conclusions." (7 minutes) SpringerNature
	Health Systems' Resilience: COVID-19 Response in Trinidad and Tobago	Read all the content from the heading "Leadership and Governance" to the end of the article. (8 minutes) The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
	Lack of Solidarity Hampered Europe's Coronavirus Response, Research Finds	Read the entire article. (11 minutes) European Commission
	Sub-Saharan Africa Preparedness and Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perspective of Early Career African Scientists	Read the content under the headings "Sub-Saharan Africa preparedness for COVID-19" and "Sub-Saharan Africa response to COVID-19" including "Table 1." (13 minutes) NCBI
	Managing Epidemics - Key Facts About Major Deadily Diseases	Read the content on pages 25-27. (8 minutes) WHO-2018
	Pandemic resilience and health systems preparedness: lessons from COVID-19 for the twenty-first century	Read the content from the heading "Adequately designed primary health care" up to "Conclusion." (22 minutes) SpringerNature
	SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on the Caribbean Islands of the Dutch Kingdom: A Unique Challenge	Read the content under the heading "Challenges and Recommendations for SIDs." (15 minutes) Pan American Journal of Public Health-2020
	Enablers and Barriers to Community Engagement in Public Health Emergency Preparedness: A Literature Review	Read the entire article. (25 minutes) SpringerNature
	Attitudes, Motivators, and Barriers to Emergency Preparedness Using the 2016 Styles Survey	Read the entire article. (26 minutes) Sage Journals
	Prioritizing knowledge translation in low- and middle-income countries to support pandemic response and preparedness	Read the entire article. (11 minutes) SpringerNature
	A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis of public health in India in the context of COVID-19 pandemic	Read the entire webpage. (12 minutes) Indian Journal of Community Medicine
	COVID-19 Global Response – Strengths, Weaknesses, Success and Failure	Read the content under the headings "South Korea's Successful Three-Phased Response to COVID-19" and "Why the U.S. and U.K. Failed to Tackle the COVID-19 Pandemic?". (7 minutes) ICU Management Journal Library
	What is a resilient health system? Lessons from Ebola	Read the entire webpage. (15 minutes) The Lancet Journal
	A Checklist for COVID-2019 Pandemic Risk and Impact Management	Read the content on pages 4-15. (20 minutes) PAHO
	Pandemic Influenza Framework	Read the sections "Planning and Preparedness," "Response," and "Pandemic Specific Response Arrangements" on pages 9-17. (20 minutes) London Resilience Partnership
	The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises- Chapter 3 Strengthening Public Health as the Foundation of the Health System and First Line of Defense	Read the entire document up until the heading "National Governments' Responsibility to Protect their own People and Play their Part in Protecting Humankind by Implementing the International Health Regulations". (34 minutes) The National Academies Press
	Building a coherent response for a sustainable post-COVID-19 recovery	Read the content under the heading "Towards a policy coherence roadmap for a sustainable and inclusive recovery". (60 minutes) The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Module 3: Lesson 1: Viral Mutation in Pandemics	How the Flu Virus Can Change: "Drift" and "Shift"	Read the entire page. (4 minutes) CDC
	Could Environment Affect the Mutation of H1N1 Influenza Virus?	Read the content under the heading "Discussion." (7 minutes) NCBI
	SARS-CoV-2 Variants	Read from the beginning of the page up until the heading "WHO risk assessment" (9 minutes) WHO-2020
	The Effects of Virus Variants on COVID-19 Vaccines	Read the content and watch the video under the headings "What causes a virus to change to a new variant?" and "What impacts do the new variants of the COVID-19 virus have on vaccines?". (5 minutes) WHO

Module 3: Lesson 2: Progression of Pandemics	Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes	Read the content under the heading "Findings" up until "Bacteria: Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobials Limit Pandemic Potential of Pathogens." (8 minutes) NCBI
	Similarities and Differences between Flu and COVID-19	Read the entire page until the heading "Approved Treatments." (8 minutes) CDC
	The Origin and Prevention of Pandemics	Read the sections on the page: Abstract and Zoonotic Disease Emergence, and Human Animal Interface. (11 minutes)
	Transmission of Avian Influenza A Viruses Between Animals and People	Read the page. (4 minutes)
	The COVID-19 Pandemic: Diverse Contexts; Different Epidemics - How and Why?	Read the content from the heading "Introduction" on page 1 up until the heading "Comparison with other pathogenic coronaviruses" on page 7. (30 minutes) BMJ-2020
	A Deep Look into the Biology and Evolution of COVID-19	Watch the video from 21:35 to 24:25 and 30:25 to 37:05. (10 minutes) UC San Diego-2020
	The Origin of COVID-19 and Why It Matters	Read the entire article. (23 minutes) James M. Hughes, Section Editor and Mary E. Wilson
	Impact of Systematic Factors on the Outbreak Outcomes of the Novel COVID-19 Disease in China: Factor Analysis Study	Read the content under the headings "Introduction" and "Discussion". (8 minutes) Journal of Medical Internet Research
	Emerging Infectious Diseseases: Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease in Gansu Province, China, 2020	Read the first 2 introductory paragraphs and the content under the heading "Discussion." (12 minutes) CDC
	Distribution and Risk Factors of 2009 Pandemic Influenza (H1N1) in Mainland China	Read the content under the heading "Discussion." (7 minutes) NCBI

Module 4: Lesson 1: Pandemic Screening Programs and Testing Assays	Episode #14 - COVID-19 - Tests	Watch the entire video. (5 minutes) WHO
	Rapid Expert Consultation on Critical Issues in Diagnostic Testing for the COVID-19 Pandemic	Read the content under the heading "Critical Areas for Consideration" up until the subheading "Role of Government and Public-Private Entities in Expanding POC Testing" on pages 7 - 12. (18 minutes) The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine
	Importance of diagnostics in epidemic and pandemic preparedness	Read the content under the heading "Challenges to diagnostic preparedness." (16 minutes) US National Library of Medicine
	Surveillance and the "New Normal" of COVID-19: Public Health, Data and Justie	Read the content under the heading "I. Introduction", "II. Process", "III. Context: The Politics of Surveillance", "IV. Inequalities in Health", "V. Challenges in Governance", and ""VI. Data Protection. (40 minutes) The Social Science Research Council
	Ethical issues in managing the COVID-19 pandemic	Read the entire article. (37 minutes) Bioethics
	Suppressing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using controlled testing and isolation	Read the content under the heading "Introduction", "Stochastic model for controlled testing", "Results", and "Discussion". (30 minutes) Scientific Reports
	Preventing the next pandemic: the power of a global viral surveillance network	Read the entire webpage. (13 minutes) The BMJ
	CDC Strategy for Global Response to COVID-19 (2020-2023)	Read the entire document. (12 minutes) Center for Disease Control and Prevention
	A Deep Look into the Biology and Evolution of COVID-19	Watch the video from 9:00 to 11:15. (3 minutes) UC San Diego

Module 4: Lesson 2: Epidemiologic Surveillance for Pandemics	Introduction to Public Health Surveillance	Watch the video under the heading "Webinar" from time 7:15 to 14:00. (7 minutes) Center for Disease Control and Prevention
	Public Health Surveillance Systems: Recent Advances in Their Use and Evaluation	Read the content under the heading "Introduction", "The Use of Surveillance Systems", "Opportunities to Enhance the Effectiveness of Surveillance Systems", and "Conclusions". (29 minutes) Annual Review of Public Health
	Surveillance strategies for COVID-19 human infection	Read the content under the heading "Essential surveillance for COVID-19" and Table 1. Type of Surveillance and Surveillance Sites for COVID-19 on pages 2-4. (10 minutes) World Health Organization
	Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Variants	Read the entire webpage. (8 minutes) Center for Disease Control and Prevention
	Epidemiologic surveillance for controlling Covid-19 pandemic: types, challenges and implications	Read the content under the heading "Introduction", "Results", and "Conclusion". (33 minutes) Journal of Infection and Public Health

Module 5: Lesson 1: Infectious Disease Modelling	Development and Dissemination of Infectious Disease Dynamic Transmission Models During the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Can We Learn from Other Pathogens and How Can We Move Forward?	Read the content under the heading "What makes modeling efforts successful: past examples." (16 minutes) The Lancet
	Infectious disease pandemic planning and response: Incorporating decision analysis	Read the content under the heading "The role of modeling in current pandemic response policy." (6 minutes) Public Library of Science
	What is mathematical modeling and how can it help control the #COVID-19 Pandemic?	Watch the entire video. (4 minutes) WHO
	Predictive Mathematical Models of the COVID-19 Pandemic	Read the entire article. (12 minutes) JAMA Network
	Modelling the pandemic: attuning models to their contexts	Read the content under the heading "Models in Pandemics." (23 minutes) British Medical Journal
	Bridging the Gap Between Evidence and Policy for Infectious Diseases: How Models can Aid Public Health Decision-Making	Read the content under the headings "1. Introduction," "2. Current role and potential opportunities for modeling in public health decision-making," and "Linking model results to public health policy around infectious diseases. (11 minutes) NCBI
	CovidSim	This model was developed by modelers at the Imperial College of London. If you have time, you may explore the model by adjusting different parameters and observing how the predicted outcomes vary to enhance your understanding of how mathematical models can be used during pandemics. ExploSYS GmbH

Module 6: Lesson 1: Pandemics and Vaccine Development	WHO Lists Additional COVID-19 Vaccine for Emergency Use and Issues Interim Policy Recommendations	Read the entire page. (6 minutes) WHO
	Vaccine Types	Read the entire webpage. (6 minutes) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
	Vaccines and Immunization: What is Vaccination?	Click on the headings "How does a vaccine work?" "How do vaccines protect individuals and communities?" "Who can get vaccinated?" and "What is in a vaccine?". (6 minutes) WHO
	What is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness?	Read the entire webpage. (3 minutes) Gavi Vaccine Alliance
	Vaccines and Immunization: What is Vaccination?	Click on the headings "How are vaccines developed and tested?" and "How does WHO help ensure vaccine safety?". (3 minutes) WHO
	Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine	Read the content under the heading "6. Study designs" on pages 18-22. (18 minutes) World Health Organization
	The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Ethical Principles for Allocating Initial Supplies of COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, 2020	Read the content from the heading "How safe are the COVID-19 vaccines?" on Slide 9 until the end of Slide 15. WHO - 2020
	Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination strategies with a delayed second dose	Read the content under the heading "Abstract" and "Discussion". (8 minutes) PLOS Biology
	The Impact of Vaccination on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreaks in the United Stated.	Read the introductory content and the content under the headings "Results" and "Discussion." (12 minutes) Oxford Academic
	Framework for Decision-Making: Implementation of Mass Vaccination Campaigns in the Context of COVID-19	Read the content from "Table 4. Key considerations to implement best practice for mass vaccination campaigns" on page 6 to the end of page 7. (9 minutes) WHO
	WHO SAGE values framework for the allocation and prioritization of COVID-19 vaccination	Read the content from the heading ¨Introduction¨ including Table 1. Values Framework, ¨Why a Values Framework?¨, ¨Orientation to the Framework¨ and ¨From Values to Priority Groups¨ on pages 3, 4,5, 8, and 9. (16 minutes) WHO
	Trials & Approved Vaccines by Country	Click on different countries in the table titled "Trials & Approvals by Country" to learn which vaccines have been approved for use in different countries globally. McGill University

Module 6: Lesson 2: Vaccine Hesitancy, Acceptance, and Uptake	Report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy	Read the content under the heading "Section 3B: Scope" up until the heading "Section 3E: Models of Vaccine Hesitancy: Vaccine Hesitancy Determinants" on pages 8-11. (7 minutes) The SAGE Vaccine Hesitancy Working Group
	What Influences Vaccine Acceptance: A Model of Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy	Read the entire document. (12 minutes) The SAGE Vaccine Hesitancy Working Group
	Communicating About Vaccine Safety: Guidelines to Help Health Workers Communicate with Parents, Caregivers, and Patients	Read the content on pages 10-18. (15 minutes) PAHO-2020
	The Role of Health Workers in the Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccines	Read the entire presentation. (6 minutes) WHO
	Health worker communication for COVID-19 vaccination flow diagram	Read the Flow Diagram (6 minutes) WHO-2021
	Key Messages and Answers about Vaccine Safety. Manual for Health Care Workers	Read the content under the headings “Is all the information published in social media true?”, “Where can I find accurate information on vaccines?”, “What are anti-vaccination movements?” “What are the main doubts raised by anti-vaccination groups and what are the facts?” “How can risk aversion be overcome?”, “What are the facts about the development of the COVID-19 vaccines?” and “Why trust in the safety of the vaccines? (18 minutes) PAHO-2021
	Addressing vaccine hesitancy requires an ethically consistent health strategy	Read the entire article. (31 minutes) US National Library of Medicine

Module 7: Lesson 1: Legal Restrictions and COVID-19	COVID-19 and Human Rights - We are all in this together	Read the paragraph under the heading "They put people at the centre and produce better outcomes" on page 2, the box titled "Spotlight: Human Rights at the Frontline in the Fight Against COVID-19" on page 4, and the content under the heading "Six key human rights messages" on pages 7-17. (30 minutes) United Nations
	The Impact of Coronavirus on Media Freedom	Read the content under the headings "Impact of coronavirus on media freedom" on pages 2-3 and "Wider implications of media freedom restrictions" on page 5. (5 minutes) European Parliament
	Human Rights.	Read the entire webpage. (8 minutes) United Nations
	The Impact of COVID-19 Measures on Democracy, the Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights in the EU	Read the entire document. (32 minutes) European Parliament

Module 7: Lesson 2: Ethical Issues in Pandemic Response	Ethical dilemmas due to the Covid-19 pandemic	Read the entire article. (33 minutes) Springer Nature
	Guidance for Managing Ethical Issues in Infectious Disease Outbreaks	Read the content under the headings "7. Obligations related to medical interventions for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious disease" on pages 28-29 and "9. Emergency Use of Unproven Interventions Outside of Research" on pages 35-37. (12 minutes) WHO
	Practical Bioethics During the Exceptional Circumstances of a Pandemic	Read the entire article. (8 minutes) Elsevier
	Ethics Guidance on Issues Raised by the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic	Read the content from under the heading "Research" on pages 4-7. (8 minutes) PAHO
	The moral responsibility of governments and individuals in the context of the coronavirus pandemic	Read the content under the headings "Abstract" and "Responsibility of governments: balancing individual rights and the collective good." (10 minutes) Scandinavian Journal of Public Health
	Ethics and COVID-19: Resource Allocation and Priority-Setting	Read from the heading "3. What is the basis for deciding who should have priority access to scarce resources?" to the end of the page. (10 minutes) WHO
	Triage of critical care resources in COVID-19: a stronger role for justice	Read the entire article. (24 minutes) NCBI
	How Can Research Transparency be Promoted? Actions for National Health Authorities During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Read the entire document. (4 minutes) PAHO
	Research ethics in a pandemic: considerations for the use of research infrastructure and resources for public health activities	Read the content from the heading "II. Use of existing research repositories for public health activities" until the heading " V. Conclusion." (17 minutes) Oxford Academy
	Fair Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in the Time of Covid-19	Read the content under the heading "Ethical Values for Rationing Health Resources in a Pandemic", "Who Gets Health Resources in a Covid-19 Pandemic?", "Implementing Rationing Policies", and "Conclusions". (15 minutes) The England Journal of Medicine
	Ethical rationing of healthcare resources during COVID-19 outbreak: Review	Read the content under the heading "Introduction", "Results", and "Conclusions". (20 minutes) US National Library of Medicine

Module 8: Lesson 1: Effective Public Health Communication for Different Audiences	COVID-19: Guidelines for Communicating about Coronavirus Disease 2019	Read the content under the headings "I. Key Concepts of Risk Communication" on pages 1-2 and "II. Overall Communication Goals for a COVID-19 Outbreak" on page 3. (7 minutes) PAHO/WHO
	Transparency, communication and trust : The role of public communication in responding to the wave of disinformation about the new Coronavirus	Read the entire article. (22 minutes) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
	Toward effective government communication strategies in the era of COVID-19	Read the content under the headings "Abstract" and "Pandemic communications: foundations and recommendations." (31 minutes) Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
	Communicating About Vaccine Safety: Guidelines to Help Health Workers Communicate with Parents, Caregivers, and Patients	Read the content on pages 45-56. (23 minutes) PAHO
	Checklist for Planning a Natural Risk Communication Strategy	This resource provides a list of activities that should be performed in developing an effective risk communication strategy for a public health crisis. If you have time, please review the steps outlined in this list to understand the components of a national risk communication plan. (13 minutes) PAHO/WHO

Module 8: Lesson 2: Advocacy During Pandemics	Advocacy, community engagement and cross-sectoral collaborations as key strategies during COVID-19 response and beyond	Read the entire article. (15 minutes) Taylor & Francis Online
	Building Vaccine Acceptance through Communication and Advocacy	Read the content under the headings "Advocacy to increase vaccine acceptance" and "Conclusion." (3 minutes) Taylor & Francis Online
	10 Steps to Community Readiness	Read the entire document. (6 minutes) WHO
	Effective Emergency Health Advocacy	Read the content under the heading "7.5 Steps for effective humanitarian health advocacy." (21 minutes) WHO
	"Stronger Together" Campaign to Highlight Importance of Psychosocial Support During Times of Stress and Crisis	This page provides an overview of a campaign in Barbados to advocate for mental health and well-being during a health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and destigmatize mental health services. If you have time, please review this summary. (3 minutes) PAHO

Module 9: Lesson 1: Pandemics and Population Vulnerability	Solidarity in Times of Pandemics: CAS SEE Weekly Seminars with Guests - Barbara Painsack	Watch the video from minutes 21:20 to 27:30 and from 37:00 to 44:20. (14 minutes) Center for Advanced Studies - South Eastern Europe
	Covid-19 pandemic and the social determinants of health	Read the entire webpage. (19 minutes) The BMJ
	Age-Related Vulnerability to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Biological, Contextual, and Policy-Related Factors	Read the content under the heading "Introduction", "Age, Morbidity, and Biology", and Social Contact, Living Arrangements, Socioeconomic Status, and Age". (12 minutes) Public Policy & Aging Report
	‘Back to better’: amplifying health equity, and determinants of health perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic	Read the content under the heading "Introduction", "Findings", and "Discussion". (28 minutes) Global Health Promotion
	Health inequity and the effects of COVID‑19	Read the content under the heading "Health Effects and the Socioeconomic Impact of COVID-19 and its Containment Measures" on pages 7-12. (12 minutes) World Health Organization
	Vulnerable Populations: Weathering the Pandemic Storm	Read the entire article. (11 minutes) AJPM
	Global Health Disparities in Vulnerable Populations of Psychiatric Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Read the content under the heading "Abstract," "Introduction," and "Conclusion." (11 minutes) World Journal of Psychiatry
	Caring for Vulnerable Populations During a Pandemic: Literature Review	Read the content under the heading "Vulnerable Population." (4 minutes) International Journal of Caring Sciences
	Challenges Posed by the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Health of Women, Children, and Adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean	Read the content under the heading "Challenges for health systems and for access to healthcare for women, children, and adolescents." on pages 6 to 9. (11 minutes) UNICEF
	Global Health Disparities in Vulnerable Populations of Psychiatric Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Read the content from the heading "Ethnic Disparities" up until the heading "Limitations." (22 minutes) World Journal of Psychiatry

Module 9: Lesson 2: Strategies for Health Equity	What is Systems Thinking?	Watch the entire video. (4 minutes) Sustainability Science Education
	Systems Thinking in the Healthcare Professions: A Guide for Educators and Clinicians	Read the content in "Chapter 1: Understanding Systems Thinking" on pages 1-5. (14 minutes) Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: The George Washington University
	Complex Systems Thinking and Current Impasses in Health Disparities Research	Read the content under the headings "How Systems Approaches can Help" and "Conclusions." (12 minutes) NCBI
	Systems thinking and ethics in public health: a necessary and mutually beneficial partnership	Read the content under the heading "Systems thinking and complexity," "Systems thinking and public health," and "Systems thinking and public health ethics" up until the subheading "What public health ethics can do for systems thinking." (26 minutes) SpringerNature
	Systems Thinking in the Healthcare Professions: A Guide for Educators and Clinicians	This resource provides step-by-step examples of applying a systems thinking approach to four (4) different healthcare-related problems in "Chapter 9: Putting It All Together: Case Scenarios" on pages 90-104. You may review one or more of the case studies to help you understand how to implement systems thinking in addressing issues. (Maximum Time: 47 minutes) Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: The George Washington University

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