Pediatric Oncology

This unit provides a comprehensive introduction to pediatric oncology and hematology care. It covers essential topics such as patient assessment, growth and development considerations, interpretation of lab values, infection risk management, and common side effects of cancer treatment. The unit also addresses crucial aspects of patient care, including nutrition, hydration, and age-specific communication strategies.

Unit Learning Outcomes:

• Discuss the basic concepts related to pediatric oncology and hematology care.
• Apply knowledge of child growth and development to pediatric oncology and hematology patients.
• Interpret lab values and understand their implications for a child’s health status.
• Implement nursing management strategies based on assessing children and interpreting lab values.
• Apply concepts related to care, including understanding the hematopoietic stem cell chart, interpreting a CBC, implementing neutropenic precautions, and managing fevers.

Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Assess the physical and emotional state of a child with cancer or a hematologic disorder.
2. Identify signs and symptoms that may indicate changes in the child’s condition.
3. Apply nursing management principles to plan and implement appropriate care based on the assessment findings.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify the impact of cancer or a hematologic disorder on a child’s growth and development.
2. Describe the developmental milestones and how they may be affected by disease or treatment.
3. Identify nursing interventions to support average growth and development and address identified issues.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Interpret lab values and understand their implications for a child’s health status.
2. Identify abnormal lab values that may indicate complications or side effects of treatment.
3. Utilize nursing management strategies to monitor lab values and manage any identified issues.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the rationale for neutropenic precautions and the potential consequences of neutropenia.
2. Describe how to implement neutropenic precautions to prevent infections in children with cancer or a hematologic disorder.
3. Apply nursing management strategies to monitor for signs of infection and intervene. 

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the side effects and include cause and treatment and nursing management of the following common side effects of cancer treatment: Fevers; Skin concerns; Nausea and vomiting; Diarrhea and constipation; Fatigue; Knowledge deficit

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Discuss the significance of nutrition and hydration in children undergoing cancer treatment.
2. Describe the causes of alterations in nutrition and hydration in children undergoing cancer treatment.
3. Outline the nursing management and interventions related to nutrition and hydration in a child undergoing cancer treatment.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Discuss the unique communication considerations of pediatric oncology patients at varying developmental stages.
2. Describe how age influences the experience of pediatric oncology patients in terms of communication.
3. Develop nursing interventions and strategies to support appropriate communication with pediatric oncology patients based on their age and developmental level.

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This unit explores various treatment modalities used in pediatric oncology and hematology, including immunotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, stem cell transplants, and advanced therapies. It focuses on understanding the principles, mechanisms, and impacts of these treatments on pediatric patients' growth and development, as well as potential late effects. The unit also emphasizes nursing management strategies for patients undergoing these treatments.

Unit Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the various treatment modalities in pediatric oncology and hematology.
• Identify the impact of these treatments on the growth and development of pediatric patients.
• Evaluate the late effects of these treatments.
• Apply nursing management strategies in the care of pediatric patients undergoing these treatments.

Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the principles and mechanisms of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery and radiation in pediatric oncology.
2. Evaluate the effect of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery and radiation on the growth and development of pediatric patients.
3. Identify the potential late effects of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery and radiation.
4. Apply nursing management strategies in the care of pediatric patients undergoing immunotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery and radiation.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the principles and mechanisms of stem cell transplants and T-cell therapies in pediatric oncology.
2. Explain the potential impact of these advanced therapies on the growth and development of pediatric patients.
3. Identify the potential acute and late effects of these advanced therapies.
4. Apply nursing management strategies in the care of pediatric patients undergoing these.

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This unit delves into the specific types of cancers that affect children, with a focus on leukemias, lymphomas, and solid tumors. It covers the definitions, presentations, symptoms, and medical management of these cancers. The unit also outlines nursing management strategies for pediatric patients with these various types of cancer.

Unit Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the definitions and presentations of pediatric leukemias and lymphomas.
• Identify the symptoms associated with pediatric leukemias and lymphomas.
• Discuss the medical management of pediatric leukemias and lymphomas.
• Outline the nursing management of pediatric patients with leukemias and lymphomas.

Student Learning Outcomes:

a. Leukemias:
    i) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 
    ii) Acute myeloid leukemia 
b. Lymphomas:
    i) Hodgkin lymphoma
    ii) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Define and describe the presentation of common pediatric solid tumors, including medulloblastoma, gliomas, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, retinoblastoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
2. Identify the symptoms associated with each of these pediatric solid tumors.
3. Discuss the medical management of pediatric solid tumors.
4. Outline the nursing management of pediatric patients with solid tumors.

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This unit addresses critical emergencies that can occur in pediatric oncology patients. It covers a wide range of emergency situations, including tumor lysis syndrome, febrile neutropenia, increased intracranial pressure, and various other life-threatening conditions. The unit emphasizes both medical and nursing management strategies for these emergencies.

Unit Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the following pediatric emergencies in children with cancer.
• Describe the medical management and the nursing management of pediatric oncologic emergencies.

Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the following pediatric oncologic emergencies in children with cancer:
   a. Tumor lysis syndrome
   b. Febrile neutropenia
   c. Increased intracranial pressure/brain herniation
   d. Superior vena cava obstruction
   e. Spinal cord compression
   f. Hyperleukocytosis
   g. Typhlitis
   h. Malignant GI obstruction
   i. Hypercalcemia
   j. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
   k. Cardiac tamponade l. disseminated intravascular coagulation
2. Discuss the medical management of each pediatric oncologic emergency listed above.
3. Outline the nursing management for each pediatric oncologic emergency listed above.

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This unit provides a comprehensive overview of various hematologic disorders in pediatric patients, including red blood cell and iron disorders, bleeding disorders, thrombosis and coagulation disorders, autoimmune blood cell disorders, and bone marrow failure syndromes. It covers the symptoms, presentation, medical management, and nursing interventions for each of these conditions.

Unit Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the various hematologic disorders in pediatric patients.
• Identify the symptoms and presentation of these disorders.
• Define the medical management of these disorders.
• Apply nursing management and interventions in pediatric patients with hematologic disorders.

Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the various red blood cell and iron disorders in pediatric patients, including:
   a. Sickle cell disease
   b. Anemias
   c. Thalassemia
   d. Iron deficiency anemia
   e. Megaloblastic anemia
   f. Hemolytic anemia
   g. Hemochromatosis
2. Identify the symptoms and presentation of red blood cell and iron disorders mentioned above in pediatric patients
3. Define the medical management of red blood cell and iron disorders mentioned above in pediatric patients
4. Apply nursing management and interventions in pediatric patients with the red blood cell and iron disorders mentioned above

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the various bleeding disorders in pediatric patients, including:
   a. Hemophilia
   b. Von Willebrand Disease
   c. Thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunctions
   d. Fibrinogen disorders
2. Identify the symptoms and presentation of bleeding disorders mentioned above in pediatric patients
3. Define the medical management of the bleeding disorders mentioned above in pediatric patients
4. Apply nursing management and interventions in pediatric patients with the bleeding disorders mentioned above

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the various thrombosis and coagulation disorders in pediatric patients, including Inherited coagulation disorders and Thrombosis
2. Identify the symptoms and presentation of the thrombosis and coagulation disorders mentioned above in pediatric patients
3. Define the medical management of the thrombosis and coagulation disorders mentioned above in pediatric patients
4. Apply nursing management and interventions in pediatric patients with the thrombosis and coagulation disorders mentioned above

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the various autoimmune blood cell disorders in pediatric patients, including Immune thrombocytopenia and Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
2. Identify the symptoms and presentation of the autoimmune blood cell disorders mentioned above in pediatric patients
3. Define the medical management of the autoimmune blood cell disorders mentioned above in pediatric patients
4. Apply nursing management and interventions in pediatric patients with the autoimmune blood cell disorders mentioned above

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the various bone marrow failure syndromes in pediatric patients, including Aplastic anemia and Myelodysplastic syndrome
2. Identify the symptoms and presentation of the bone marrow failure syndromes mentioned above in pediatric patients
3. Define the medical management of the bone marrow failure syndromes mentioned above in pediatric patients
4. Apply nursing management and interventions in pediatric patients with the bone marrow failure syndromes mentioned above

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This unit focuses on providing holistic care to pediatric oncology patients and their families. It covers crucial aspects such as pain management, palliative and end-of-life care, family support, ethical considerations, survivorship, fertility preservation, and the integration of complementary and traditional care. The unit emphasizes the importance of addressing both physical and psychological needs of patients throughout their cancer journey.

Unit Learning Outcomes:

• Demonstrate comprehensive understanding and proficiency in providing holistic care to pediatric oncology patients and their families.
• Assess and manage pain effectively, utilizing various methods of pain management.
• Navigate ethical dilemmas commonly encountered in pediatric oncology care.
• Communicate empathetically with patients and families about end-of-life care decisions.
• Support families through pediatric oncology treatment challenges, providing emotional and educational support.
• Facilitate informed decision-making by patients and families regarding treatment options.
• Provide survivorship support, addressing both the long-term physical and psychological effects of pediatric cancer treatment.
• Address fertility preservation needs and discuss reproductive rights with patients and families.
• Integrate alternative and adjunctive therapies into patient care plans as appropriate.

Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify common sources of pain in pediatric oncology patients.
2. Describe the various methods of pain management 
3. Apply effective nursing interventions for pain management.
4. Educate patients and families about pain management strategies.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Define the role of palliative care in pediatric oncology.
2. Describe compassionate end-of-life care to pediatric oncology patients.
3. Communicate effectively with patients and families about end-of-life decisions.
4. Discuss ethics in end-of-life care

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the impact of pediatric oncology on the family unit.
2. Define the elements of supportive care and education to families of pediatric oncology patients.
3. Discuss methods to facilitate family involvement in the child’s care.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify and describe ethical issues commonly encountered in pediatric oncology (including Consent, Assent, and Dissent).
2. Apply ethical principles in decision-making processes
3. Describe how an ethics decision-making model can assist nurses in the care of pediatric clients and their families
4. Advocate for the rights and best interests of pediatric oncology patients.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the long-term physical and psychological effects of pediatric cancer treatment.
2. Describe supportive care and education to pediatric cancer survivors.
3. Discuss ways to facilitate the transition from active treatment to survivorship.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the impact of pediatric cancer treatment on future fertility.
2. Discuss fertility preservation options with patients and families.
3. Discuss the reproductive rights of pediatric oncology patients.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

1. Define the role of alternative and adjunctive care in treating pediatric oncology patients.
2. Describe various adjunctive therapies.
3. Identify how various belief systems impact the care of children with cancer.
4. Describe patient self-care activities and the use of spiritual and traditional healers.
5. Describe the nurse’s role in the adaptation of care in managing varied health beliefs as they relate to a child with cancer.

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