Course: Physics

General

General
How to create an account and enroll in the course?
Physics Homepage
Welcome to the Physics course, part of the series for the Pre-Health Sciences Training Certificate. This course and the certificate are designed primarily for learners interested in preparing for and gaining entry to health-related programs and to help address the prerequisites for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). This Physics course provides learners with a comprehensive overview of concepts in Physics that are necessary for developing critical thinking skills and applicable to understanding specific bodily functions. It explores the fundamental principles of Newton’s Laws, Energy, Waves, Fluids, Electricity, Light, and Magnetism.

The Physics course is sponsored in part by the International Development Research Centre and the University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine. Like all NextGenU.org courses, it is competency-based, using competencies based on the Association of American Medical Colleges’ Medical College Admission Test. It uses learning resources from accredited, academic, professional, and world-class organizations and universities such as Rice University. This course was designed by Alixandria Ali BSc; Kabiru Gulma B. Pharm, MBA, MSc., Ph.D.; Marco Aurelio Hernandez, Ph.D., MSc; MSc; BSc.; Felix Emeka Anyiam, MPH, MScPH, DataSc.; Pablo Baldiviezo MD, MSc, DiplEd.

For publications on NextGenU.org’s courses’ efficacy, see NextGenU.org’s publication page.

There are eight (8) modules to complete, which provide an introduction to:

Module 1: Translational Motion
Module 2: Forces and Newton's Laws
Module 3: Momentum, Work, and Energy
Module 4: Waves
Module 5: Fluids and Solids
Module 6: Electricity and Magnetism
Module 7: Light and Lenses
Module 8: Atomic and Particle Physics

The completion time for this course is estimated at 94 hours, comprising 82 hours of learning resources and 12 hours of participating in learning activities and quizzes to assist the learners in synthesizing learning materials. This course is equivalent to 2 credit hours in the U.S. undergraduate/bachelor’s degree system.

The course requires the completion of all quizzes, discussion forums, and practical activities to receive a course certificate. Practice quizzes are available throughout the course and contain 10 Multiple-Choice Questions each. After you’ve completed each module, quiz, and learning activity, at the end of the course, you’ll have access to a final exam consisting of 40 Multiple-Choice Questions and a chance to evaluate this course. Participants have up to three opportunities to take the final exam and achieve the required passing score of >=70%. Once you’ve passed the final exam and completed the evaluations, you will be able to download a certificate of completion from NextGenU.org and our course’s co-sponsoring organizations.

We keep all of your personal information confidential, never sell any of your information, and only use anonymized data for research purposes. Also, we are happy to report your testing information and share your work with anyone (your school, employer, etc.) at your request.

Engaging with this Course:

This free course is aimed at students who have graduated from high school and want to prepare to become a health professional and/or pass the MCAT exam. You may also browse this course for free to learn for your personal enrichment. There are no requirements.

To obtain a certificate, a learner must first register for the course and then successfully complete:
- The pre-test,
- All the reading requirements,
- All quizzes and pass with 70% with unlimited attempts,
- All practical activities,
- All discussion forums,
- The final lab activity,
- The final exam with a minimum of 70% and a maximum of 3 attempts, and
- The self and course evaluation forms.
To obtain credit:
- Complete all requirements listed above for the certificate, and
- Your learning institution or workplace should approve the partner-university-sponsored NextGenU.org course for educational credit, as they usually would for their learner taking a course anywhere.
NextGenU.org is happy to provide your institution with:
- A link to and description of the course training so they can see all of its components, including the co-sponsoring institutions,
- Your grade on the final exam,
- Your work products (e.g., discussion forum responses) and any other required or optional shared materials that you produce and authorize to share with them,
- Your evaluations -- course and self-assessments,
- A copy of your certificate of completion with the co-sponsoring organizations listed.
To obtain a degree, NextGenU.org co-sponsors degree programs with institutional partners. To obtain a full degree co-sponsored with NextGenU.org, registrants must be enrolled in a degree program as a student of a NextGenU.org institutional partner. If you think your institution might be interested in offering a degree with NextGenU.org, contact us.

We hope you will find this a rewarding learning experience, and we count on your assessment and feedback to help us improve this training for future students.

Here are the next steps to take the course and earn a certificate:
- Complete the registration form,
- Take the pre-test, and
- Begin the course with Module 1:Translational Motion. In each lesson, read the description, complete all required readings and any required activity, as well as take the corresponding quizzes.
Module 1: Translational Motion
Competencies covered in this module:
Module 1: Lesson 1: Introduction
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain how the methods of science are used to make scientific discoveries.
- Compare and contrast hypothesis, theory, and law
- .Recognize commonly used SI units and the relationships between them.
- Express quantities given in SI units using metric prefixes.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 48 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
2 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- The Scientific Methods URL
  Read the entire webpage. (18 minutes)
  OpenStax -2023
- The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units URL
  Read the entire webpage. (66 minutes)
  OpenStax -2023
Module 1: Lesson 2: Vectors and Their Components
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Distinguish between scalar and vector units.
- Explain how the magnitude of a vector is defined in terms of the components of a vector.
- Identify the direction angle of a vector in a plane.
- Apply analytical methods of vector algebra to find resultant vectors and to solve vector equations for unknown vectors.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 4 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
2 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Vectors URL
  Read from the section "Components of a Vector" to the end of the section "Scalars vs. Vectors," and watch the video. (16 minutes)
  The LibreTexts Physics - 2020
- Vectors URL
  Read from the section "Adding and Subtracting Vectors Graphically" to the end, and watch the videos. (16 minutes)
  The LibreTexts Physics - 2020
Module 1: Lesson 3: Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the relationships between instantaneous velocity, average velocity, instantaneous speed, average speed, displacement, and time.
- Calculate velocity and speed given initial position, initial time, final position, and final time.
- Represent and calculate acceleration using graphical methods .
- Analyze and describe how the values of the position, velocity, and acceleration change during a free fall.
- Apply the principle of independence of motion to solve projectile motion problems.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 7 hours and 34 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
8 URLs, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (25 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Speed and Velocity URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (25 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Position vs. Time Graphs URL
  Read the entire page. (12 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Velocity vs. Time Graphs URL
  Read the entire webpage and, if you are able to, interact with the virtual demonstration. (16 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Acceleration URL
  Read the entire webpage and, if you are able to, interact with the virtual demonstration. (28 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs URL
  Read the entire webpage and, if you are able to, interact with the virtual demonstration. (37 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Free-Falling Objects URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (13 minutes)
  The LibreTexts Physics - 2019
- Projectile Motion URL
  Read the entire page. (31 minutes)
  The LibreTexts Physics - 2022
- Practical Activity 1 (70 minutes) Forum
  Step 1. Review
  Review the learning resources for this lesson before studying the case problem.
  Step 2. Analyze
  Analyze the case problem below.
  Background: A projectile is an object that is projected or launched into the air and then moves through the air under the sole influence of gravity. In this sense, a projectile is a free-falling object that experiences a downward acceleration of approximately 10 m/s/s.
  Getting Ready: Navigate to the Projectile Simulator in the Physics Interactives section of The Physics Classroom website:
  http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Vectors-and-Projectiles/Projectile-Simulator
  Click on Launch Interactive
  Once the Interactive opens, set the Speed to 10 m/s. Set the Angle to 0 degrees. Set the Height to 120 m. Select Show Velocity Vectors in order to enable this feature.
  Directions and Questions:
  1. Click the Start button and observe the simulation. The red arrows are velocity vectors. They are indicators of how fast the object is moving horizontally and vertically. The length of the arrow indicates how fast the object is moving in that direction. Does the object change how fast it is moving in the horizontal direction? _________ Explain why you answered this way.
  2. Reset and Start the animation again to answer the following question: Does the object change how fast it is moving in the vertical direction? _________ Explain why you answered this way.
  3. How does the initial horizontal velocity (right after it starts moving) compare to the final horizontal velocity (just before hitting the ground)? a. They are equal. b. The initial is greater c. The final is greater
  4. How does the initial vertical velocity (right after it starts moving) compare to the final vertical velocity (just before hitting the ground)? a. They are equal. b. The initial is greater c. The final is greater
  5. Now run the several trials to fill in the table. Click Reset after each trial to prepare for the next. Keep the initial height at 120 m and the angle at 0 degrees.
  Step 3. Respond
  After analyzing the data above, respond to the case problem by answering the following questions:
  6. Describe the effect that increasing launch speed has upon the time to fall.
  7. Describe the effect that increasing launch speed has upon the horizontal distance or x-displacement.
  Step 4. Share
  To share your work, click on the “Reply” button under this post and paste your work (the answers to the questions) into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).
  Step 5: Interact
  To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - D of this rubric. Provide a rationale for your grade and comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, then click “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:
  Item A is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item B is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item C is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item D is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
- Quiz: Module 1
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
Module 2: Forces and Newton's Laws
Competencies covered in this module:
Module 2: Lesson 1: Newton's Laws of Motion
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define Newton's first law of motion, and understand the concepts of mass and inertia.
- Define Newton's second law of motion and apply the equation F(net) = ma to physics problems.
- Define Newton's third law of motion and use free-body diagrams to visualize action-reaction pairs.
- Calculate the gravitational force between two point masses.
- Distinguish between static and kinetic friction and solve physics problems involving friction.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 4 hours and 8 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
6 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Force URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (8 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (21 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Newton's Second Law of Motion URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (25 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Newton's Third Law of Motion URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (28 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity URL
  Read from the beginning of the webpage until the end of "Virtual Physics." (7 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Inclined Planes URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (35 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
Module 2: Lesson 2: Hooke's Law and Simple Harmonic Motion
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe Hooke’s law and simple harmonic motion, periodic motion, and oscillation.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 4 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Forum
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Simple Harmonic Motion URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (27 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Practical Activity 2 (70 minutes) Forum
  Step 1. Review
  Review the learning resources for this lesson before studying the case problem.
  Step 2. Analyze
  Analyze the case problem below:
  Hooke’s Law is a fundamental principle of physics that describes the relationship between the force exerted on an object, and the object’s deformation. It states that the force required to stretch of compress a spring is proportional to the amount of deformation, and is given by the equation F = ‒kx, where F is the force, x is the displacement of the spring from its equilibrium position, and k is a constant known as the spring constant.
  In this lab, you will use virtual masses and springs to investigate the behavior of Hooke’s Law, including how the spring constant affects the amount of force required to stretch or compress the spring, and how the displacement of the spring from its equilibrium position affects the force exerted on the object.
  By conducting virtual experiments in this lab, you will gain a deeper understanding of the principles of physics and Hooke’s Law, and develop your problem-solving and critical thinking skills. So, put on your lab coat and get ready to explore the exciting world of masses and springs.
  Topics:
  Measurement
  Periodic Motion
  Hooke's Law
  Directions:
  Navigate to the University of Colorado Masses and Springs Simulator Lab at:
  https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/masses-and-springs-basics/latest/masses-and-springs-basics_en.html
  https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/masses-and-springs-basics/latest/masses-and-springs-basics_en.html
  
  Since this activity is inquiry-based, once the Interactive opens, hang masses from the springs and discover how they stretch and oscillate; compare two mass-spring systems, and experiment with spring constant.
  Step 3. Respond
  Respond to the case problem after analysis by answering the following questions:
  How does the spring constant affect the amount of force required to stretch or compress a spring?
  How does the displacement of the spring from its equilibrium position affect the force exerted on the object?
  How would you find the mass of one of the unknown weights?
  In what ways does Hooke’s Law apply to real-world scenarios beyond simple masses and springs?
  Can you think of any applications of the principles you learned in this simulation in engineering, physics, or other fields?
  Step 4. Share
  To share your work, click on the “Reply” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).
  Step 5: Interact
  To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - D of this rubric. Provide a rationale for your grade and comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, then click “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:
  Item A is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item B is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item C is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item D is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
Module 2: Lesson 3: Uniform Circular Motion and Centripetal Force
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Solve problems involving angle of rotation and angular velocity.
- Apply Newton’s second law to develop the equation for centripetal force.
- Describe rotational kinematic variables and equations and relate them to their linear counterparts.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 3 hours and 12 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
3 URLs, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (30 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Uniform Circular Motion URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (33 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Rotational Motion URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (28 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Quiz: Module 2
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
Module 3: Momentum, Work, and Energy
Competencies covered in this module:
Module 3: Lesson 1: Momentum, Force, and Impulse
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe momentum, impulse, and the impulse-momentum theorem.
- Describe the law of conservation of momentum.
- Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 6 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
3 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse URL
  Read the entire page. (15 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Conservation of Momentum URL
  Read the entire page. (12 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Elastic and Inelastic Collisions URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (36 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
Module 3: Lesson 2: Work, Energy, and Simple Machines
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe and apply the work-energy theorem .
- Perform calculations related to kinetic and potential energy.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 3 hours and 8 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
3 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Work, Power, and the Work-Energy Theorem URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (35 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (25 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Simple Machines URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (34 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
Module 3: Lesson 3: Special Relativity
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Understand the postulates on which the special theory of relativity was based .
- Explain and perform calculations involving mass-energy equivalence .
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 50 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
2 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Postulates of Special Relativity URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (30 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Consequences of Special Relativity URL
  Read the entire page. (25 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
Module 3: Lesson 4: Thermal Energy, Heat, and Work
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain that temperature is a measure of internal kinetic energy .
- Solve problems involving specific heat and heat transfer .
- Solve problems involving thermal energy changes when heating and cooling substances with phase changes.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 3 hours and 8 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
3 URLs, 1 Forum
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Temperature and Thermal Energy URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (15 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer URL
  Read the entire page. (23 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Phase Change and Latent Heat URL
  Read the entire page. (21 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Practical Activity 3 (70 minutes) Forum
  Step 1. Review
  Review the learning resources for this lesson before studying the case problem.
  Step 2. Analyze
  Analyze the case problem below.
  Heat transfer is an important topic in thermodynamics and engineering, as it is involved in many everyday processes, from cooking food to designing and operating power plants. Understanding the principles of heat transfer is essential for engineers, physicists, biologists, and other professionals working in fields related to energy production and usage.
  In this lab we will focus on the concepts of heat flux and conduction, which describe how heat flows from one point to another through a material. By the end of the sim lab, you should have a better understanding of these concepts and how they apply to the real world.
  Directions:
  Navigate to the University of Colorado LearnChemE Simulator Lab at:
  https://learncheme.com/simulations/heat-transfer/conduction-through-a-composite-wall/
  This simulation calculates temperature profiles and the heat flux for steady-state conduction through multiple walls in series. The total wall thickness is 10 cm. Change the temperature of the left wall with a slider; the temperature of the right wall is fixed at 45°C. Change the thickness of the glass, concrete, and stainless-steel walls using sliders. Use the dropdown menu to select the material (fiberglass, brick, or lead) of the right wall. The heat flux is the same through each wall.
  Use any two different settings of your choice and calculate
  R_total
  The flux, q
  T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄, the temperatures of the walls from left (T₁) to right (T₄)
  Step 3. Respond
  Respond to the case problem after analysis by answering the following questions:
  What did you learn about heat transfer through composite walls and how did the simulation help you understand this concept?
  How could the concepts and skills you learned in this lab be applied in real-world scenarios, such as designing energy-efficient buildings or improving the efficiency of industrial processes?
  Step 4. Share
  To share your work, click on the “Reply” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).
  Step 5: Interact
  To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - D of this rubric. Provide a rationale for your grade and comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, then click “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:
  Item A is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item B is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item C is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item D is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
Module 3: Lesson 5: Thermodynamics
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the laws of thermodynamics .
- Solve problems involving thermal efficiency .
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 3 hours and 48 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
4 URLs, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Equilibrium URL
  Read the entire page. (7 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- First law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Energy and Work URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (70 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy URL
  Read the entire page. (15 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators URL
  Read the entire page. (17 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Quiz: Module 3
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
Module 4: Waves
Competencies covered in this module:
Module 4: Lesson 1: Types of Waves
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Distinguish a pulse wave from a periodic wave.
- Distinguish a longitudinal wave from a transverse wave .
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 50 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Types of Waves URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (25 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
Module 4: Lesson 2: Wave Properties and Interactions
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Relate wave frequency, period, wavelength, and velocity.
- Describe the interference of waves and distinguish between constructive and destructive interference of waves.
- Distinguish reflection from refraction of waves.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 20 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
2 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Wave Properties: Speed, Amplitude, Frequency, and Period URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (46 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference URL
  Read the entire webpage and, if you are able to, interact with the virtual demonstration. (24 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
Module 4: Lesson 3: Sound
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Relate the characteristics of waves to the properties of sound waves.
- Relate the speed of sound to the frequency and wavelength of a sound wave.
- Solve problems involving the intensity of a sound wave.
- Describe how humans produce and hear sounds.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 34 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
2 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength URL
  Read the entire webpage and, if you are able to, interact with the virtual demonstration. (28 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Sound Intensity and Sound Level URL
  Read the entire page. (19 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
Module 4: Lesson 4: Doppler Effect, Sound Interference, and Resonance
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Calculate the frequency shift of sound from a moving object by the Doppler shift formula, and calculate the speed of an object by the Doppler shift formula.
- Contrast an open-pipe and closed-pipe resonator.
- Solve problems involving harmonic series and beat frequency.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 4 hours and 24 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
2 URLs, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (47 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Sound Interference and Resonance URL
  Read the entire webpage and, if you are able to, interact with the virtual demonstration. (35 minutes)
  OpenStax - 2023
- Practical Activity 4 (90 minutes) Forum
  Step 1. Review
  Review the learning resources for this lesson before studying the case problem.
  Step 2. Analyze
  Analyze the case problem below.
  Directions and Questions:
  Navigate to the Wave Addition simulation of The Physics Classroom at:
  https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Waves-and-Sound/Wave-Addition/Wave-Addition-Interactive
  
  Getting Acquainted: The Wave Addition Interactive displays two animated waves – Wave 1 (Red) and Wave 2 (Blue) – and the Wave Sum (1 + 2) at the top of the simulation window. The controls and buttons are located at the bottom of the simulation window. Before you begin this activity, get acquainted with how it works by playing with the various buttons and slider controls. Tap a button or drag a slider and observe how the waves change or how the wave display changes. Don’t worry about ruining anything. You can always reload the page to reset the simulation to its original state. Your goal is to get acquainted with the interface and to do a bit of exploring of waves. Be sure to learn how to adjust the various wave properties of both Wave 1 (Red) and Wave 2 (Blue). These properties include frequency (f), wavelength (l), velocity or speed (v), and wavelength (λ). Learn how to stop and start the simulation, how to display a Dot, a Line, and an Amplitude Bar for the waves, and how to change the wave from a transverse wave to a longitudinal wave.
  Procedures and Questions:
  1. Once you have done some exploring as described in the Getting Ready section, you are ready to study Wave Interference. Tap on the Destruct button in the top row of the Control Panel.
  
  Finally, tap on the Line and the Dots buttons so that the wave is represented by a collection of dots and connecting lines. The dots can be thought of as the particles of the medium. For instance, you could think of each dot as representing each coil of a Slinky or as a very small section of a vibrating rope.
  2. Run the simulation so that Wave 1 and Wave 2 are moving. Observe the Wave Sum (labeled 1 + 2). Describe the displacement of each individual dot for the Wave Sum.
  3. Interference is the meeting up of two waves that are traveling through the same medium. This form of interference that is occurring at each location is known as Destructive Interference. Stop the simulation so that you can answer the following question.
  Destructive interference will occur at any location where …
  a. Each individual wave is stationary.
  b. the displacement of particles for both waves is in the same direction (e.g., both up).
  c. the displacement of particles for one wave is upward and the other is downward.
  4. Consider the wave below. We will call it Wave 1. Sketch what Wave 2 must look like in order for it to interfere with Wave 1 such that destructive interference occurs for every particle along the length of the 2-meter long medium.
  
  5. Tap on the Construct button in order to view an example of constructive interference. Describe how the Wave Sum for a constructive interference situation is different than destructive interference.
  6. Stop the simulation and analyze any of the points along the medium in order to answer this:
  Constructive interference will occur at any location where …
  a. Each individual wave is stationary.
  b. The displacement of particles for both waves is in the same direction (e.g., both up).
  c. The displacement of particles for one wave is upward and the other is downward.
  7. So far, we’ve seen situations in which Wave 1 and Wave 2 have the same amplitude. But constructive and destructive interference is not limited to situations in which each wave has the same amplitude. Tap on the Destruct button again. Observe the Wave Sum. Then change the amplitude of Wave 1 to 0.16 m; keep the amplitude of Wave 2 at 0.32 m. This is also an example of destructive interference. Observe the Wave Sum. Describe how it is different from a situation in which two waves have the same amplitude (as in Question 2).
  Step 3. Respond
  Write a 300-word summary of your lab and your reflections on it. Include the answers to the questions given above.
  Step 4. Share
  To share your work, click on the “Reply” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).
  Step 5: Interact
  To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - D of this rubric. Provide a rationale for your grade and comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, then click “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:
  Item A is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item B is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item C is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item D is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
- Quiz: Module 4
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
Module 5: Fluids and Solids
Competencies covered in this module:
Module 5: Lesson 1: Fluids, Density, and Surface Tension
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the characteristics of the phases of matter at the molecular or atomic level.
- Define density.
- Define and understand the rationale behind cohesion and adhesion.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 42 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
2 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Fluids, Density, and Pressure (Part 1) URL
  Read the entire page. (16 minutes)
  The LibreTexts Physics - 2022
- Cohesion and Adhesion URL
  Read the entire page. (5 minutes)
  The LibreTexts Physics - 2020
Module 5: Lesson 2: Hydrostatic Pressure and Pascal's Law
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define density and pressure, and understand the relationship between depth in a fluid and hydrostatic pressure.
- Apply Pascal's law to a hydraulic system.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 3 hours and 42 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Forum
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Density and Pressure URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (81 minutes)
  The LibreTexts Physics - 2020
- Practical Activity 5 (60 minutes) Forum
  Step 1. Review
  Review the learning resources for this lesson before studying the case problem.
  Step 2. Analyze
  Analyze the case problem below.
  Directions and Questions:
  Navigate to the Wave Addition simulation with PhET at:
  https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/under-pressure/latest/under-pressure_en.html
  
  Push the big Play arrow. Start with the default settings. In addition, fill the tank with water and select “Ruler”, like the diagram to the right.
  Click on the pressure gauge to move it toward the water. Measure the pressure in the water at every 0.50 m from the surface to the bottom. Record your results on the table below. Note that the simulation will give you kPa. Convert to Pa before entering the values on the table.
  
  4. Use Excel, or similar, to make a graph of pressure vs depth. Do a linear best fit and include the equation on the graph. Copy and paste your graph and equation below.
  a. What is the physical meaning of the slope?
  b. What is the physical meaning of the y-intercept?
  5. Now, pick a depth and vary the fluid density from 700 to 1,400 kg/m3. Record your results on the table below. Note that the simulation will give you kPa. Convert to Pa before entering the values on the table. My chosen depth was:
  
  6. Use Excel, or similar, to make a graph of pressure vs density. Do a linear best fit and include the equation on the graph. Copy and paste your graph and equation below
  7. Click on the icon with the question mark on the sink to access the mystery fluid portion. Determine the density of a mystery fluid. If your last name starts with A-H, test Fluid A. If your last name starts with I-N, test Fluid B. If your last name starts with O-Z, test Fluid C. Describe your method and results below.
  8. Based on what you learned in this activity, what is the formula for determining the pressure in a fluid? State what each of the symbols mean.
  Step 3. Respond
  Write a 300-word summary of your lab and your reflections on it. Include the answers to the questions given above.
  Step 4. Share
  To share your work, click on the “Reply” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).
  Step 5: Interact
  To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - D of this rubric. Provide a rationale for your grade and comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, then click “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:
  Item A is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item B is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item C is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item D is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
Module 5: Lesson 3: Archimedes' Principle and Fluid Dynamics
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Understand Archimedes' principle and calculate buoyant force and specific gravity .
- Use the continuity equation to calculate the flow rate from area and velocity.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 12 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
2 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Archimedes’ Principle URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (25 minutes)
  The LibreTexts Physics - 2020
- Fluids in Motion URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (11 minutes)
  The LibreTexts Physics - 2020
Module 5: Lesson 4: Bernoulii's Equation and Venturi Effect
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Perform calculations using Bernoulli's equation.
- Apply Bernoulli's equation to a U/pitot tube.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 4 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
2 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Bernoulli’s Equation URL
  Read the entire page and watch the videos. (49 minutes)
  The LibreTexts Physics - 2019
- Worked Examples- Bernoulli’s Equation URL
  Read the entire page. (13 minutes)
  The LibreTexts Physics - 2022
Module 5: Lesson 5: Viscosity and Turbulence and Poiseuille's Law
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define laminar and turbulent flow, calculate viscosity, and calculate flow using Poiseuille's law.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 50 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law URL

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