Introduction to Psychology

In this activity, you will discuss the importance and ethics of psychological research at three life stages.

Step 1. Review (50 mins)

Review these learning resources relevant to the activity.

• Why is Research Important?
  
• Ethics
  

Step 2. Write (210 mins)

Using psychological perspectives, explain the importance of psychological research by writing a 400-800-word reflective piece with the following inclusions:

A. One real-life example exhibiting the importance of psychological research at all of these life stages (one example for each bullet)

B. Importance of ethics in psychological research using your three examples in Part A of behaviors.

Step 3. Share (10 mins)

To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 4. Interact (10 mins)

Item A is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item B is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item C is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item D is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item E is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….

In this activity, you will write a short journal article that discusses how genetics and the environment shape or influence the development of behaviors.

Step 1. Review (48 mins)

Review these learning resources relevant to the activity.

• Human Genetics
• What is an Environmental Factor?

Step 2. Study (30 mins)

Study the given scenario below:

Step 3. Respond (180 mins)

Respond by writing a 450-850 -word journal article that tackles the following points:

• What is the link between genes and behaviors? And between environment and behaviors? 
• What genetic and environmental factors influence the determination of our behaviors? (List several factors for genetic influences and several factors for environmental influences.)
• Choose one genetic factor and explain how it can influence behaviors.
• Choose one environmental factor and explain how it can influence behaviors.
• Why are there genetically based behavioral differences among individuals?
• How do genetically based behavioral differences affect the natural environment?

Step 3. Share (10 mins)

To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 4. Interact (10 mins)

Evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of the rubric below. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided, as well as comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:

Item A is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item B is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item C is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item D is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item E is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….

In this activity, you will prepare an audio recording that discusses sleep problems and disorders and the altered state of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs. 

Step 1. Review (105 mins)

Review the learning resources for this module.

Step 2. Study (30 mins)

Study the given scenario:

• Sleep problems and disorders
• Altered state of consciousness due to:
• Hypnosis
• Meditation
• Psychoactive drugs

In this activity, you will use several pictures to examine and describe the developmental and physical changes experienced by a person from adolescence to middle adulthood. 

Step 1. Review (25 mins)

Review the learning resources for this module.

Step 2. Examine (60 mins)

1. Look for an old picture of yourself as an adolescent between ages 10 and 13. Examine the developmental changes that you have experienced from that time until the present. Make sure to list aspects relating to physical, cognitive, and emotional (self-identity) changes.

2. Look for three pictures of adulthood (preferably at ages 20, 40, and 50) of a celebrity or a famous personality. Examine the physical development noticeable in the pictures.

Step 3. List (30 mins)

List down all your observations from Step 2 in this table:

Step 4. Respond (150 mins)

Using your entries in the table from Step 3, write a 300-600-word discussion post that tackles the following:

1. Developmental changes in adolescence

1. Physical
2. Cognitive
3. Emotional (Self-identity)
2. Physical development of adulthood

Step 5. Share (10mins)

To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your complete work (Table from step 3 and discussion. You do not have to post the pictures) into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 6. Interact (10 mins)

To complete the activity, you will need to reply to at least two posts made by your peers in a respectful and professional manner. Ensure that your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas of other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to the forum.”

In this activity, you will examine a fictional case and describe how habituation and dishabituation can impact the case scenario.

Step 1. Review (34 mins)

Review the learning resources for this module.

Step 2. Study (30 mins)

Study the given fictional case assessment table of a person named Ruben below:

• Description of habituation and dishabituation as concepts.
• Description of how habituation as a concept can be used to positively address Ruben’s phobia and associated behaviors.
• Description of how dishabituation can worsen the intensity of the phobia and the behavior associated with it.

Step 4. Share (10 mins)

To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your complete work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 5. Interact (10 mins)

To complete the activity, you will need to reply to at least two posts made by your peers in a respectful and professional manner. Ensure that your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas of other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to the forum.”

In this activity, you will examine fictional cases and justify how biological mechanisms of sexual behavior and motivation, sexual orientation, and gender identity can be used to address these cases.

Step 1. Review (45 mins)

Review the learning resources for this module.

Step 2. Study (60 mins)

Study and analyze two fictional cases below:

Step 3. Respond (120 mins)

Respond by writing a 300-600-word discussion post (150-300 words for each case) that will detail how these two cases can be addressed and explained using one or several of the following concepts below:

• Biological mechanisms explaining sexual behavior and motivation
• Differences between sexual orientation and gender identity
• Factors affecting sexual orientation and gender identity (biological factors, cultural factors…)

Step 4. Share (10 mins)

To share your work, click on the “Reply” button under this post and paste your complete work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 5. Interact (10 mins)

To complete the activity, you will need to reply to at least two posts made by your peers in a respectful and professional manner. Ensure that your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas of other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to the forum.”

In this activity, you will select and analyze one common happening in a person’s life and explain how information processing occurs in the selected happening, as well as how cognitive development varies in terms of culture.

Step 1. Review (55 mins)

Review the learning resources for this module.

Step 2. Study (30 mins)

Study and analyze the following common events in a person’s life:

1. Being interviewed for a job vacancy
2. Teaching someone how to cook the usual dishes for a family celebration
3. Checking in the airport before departure 
4. Drawing an animal
5. Preparing for an exam or a test

Step 3. Select, Analyze, and Reflect (30 mins)

Select one common event in the list in Step1. Analyze how information processing happens in the selected event. To be more specific, analyze how a person processes the information they receive, rather than merely responding to the stimuli.

After analyzing the selected event, think and reflect about your own culture. Is there an event or experience  that exhibits cognitive development uniquely in your culture? Give one personal example.

• For example, in Mexican villages, children of pottery makers know at such a young age that reshaping clay does not change the amount of clay. This exhibits culturally unique cognitive development as children of other cultures who have no exposure to pottery cannot tell the same thing at the same age.

In this activity, you will analyze a fictional case about memory problems and discuss how memory construction and source monitoring can be used to solve the case. 

Step 1. Review (50 mins)

Review the learning resources for this module.

Step 2. Study (30 mins)

Study the fictional case below:

Step 3. Analyze (45 mins)

After reading the fictional case, analyze the following points:

• What are the memory problems exhibited by the two fictional characters in the case?
• How different is Leody’s memory problem from Leni’s?
• What forms of memory construction and reconstruction can be used to address and solve this case?
• How can this case benefit from or be harmed by these forms of memory construction and reconstruction? 

Step 4. Respond (150 mins)

Respond by writing a 300-600-word case resolution that covers all the points listed in Step 3.

Step 5. Share (10 mins)

Share your work by clicking on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and pasting your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 6. Interact (10 mins) 

To complete the activity, you will need to reply to at least two posts made by your peers in a respectful and professional manner. Ensure that your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas of other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to the forum.”

In this activity, you will design an interactive slide presentation to showcase changes in synaptic connections which underlie the memory and neural plasticity of a specific audience.

Step 1. Review (50 mins)

Review the learning resources for this specific lesson.

Step 2. Select (30 mins)

Select one target audience of your choice among the following audiences:

• Stroke victims regaining mobility in paralyzed limbs
• Traumatic brain injury patients recovering from their brain injuries
• Alzheimer’s patients regaining short and long-term memory

Step 3. Design (240 mins)

Design a slide presentation to showcase how the brain works for the selected audience. To be more specific, your work must be able to address the following questions:

• What are common changes in synaptic connections that underlie learning and memory?
• How do these changes in synaptic connections affect your target audience’s memory and learning?
• What is neuroplasticity and how does it work?
• How do neurons change over time with respect to the target audience?
• How can the principles of neuroplasticity be applied to the functional recovery of your selected audience?

Step 4. Respond

Respond by designing an interactive slide presentation consisting of 15-25 slides (maximum of 40 words per slide, including the title/headings) that covers everything from Step 3. You may include pictures, graphics, and other interactive elements. 

Recommendations

You may use one of the following software for your work:

•  Powerpoint, MS Sway, Genially, Articulate 360, Google Slides

Step 5. Share (10 mins)

Share your work by clicking on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and pasting your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 6. Interact (10 mins)

Evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of the rubric below. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided, as well as comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:

Item A is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item B is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item C is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item D is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item E is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….

In this activity, you will take the Big Five personality test and write a critical analysis of the results to address all the learning outcomes for this lesson.

Step 1. Review (41 mins)

Review the learning resources for these lessons.

Step 2. Explore (60mins)

Access the Big Five Personality test website. This website will allow you to take the psychology test to find out more about the five dimensions of your personality. Additionally, you will also have to simultaneously compare your personality to a sibling or a parent (if you are an only child) by ticking the type of relation in the dropdown menu:

Once this has been completed, read and follow the directions carefully. Ensure to take the test considerably and truthfully. Do not forget to select “SUBMIT” at the bottom of the page to gain access to the results.

Step 3. Analyze (360 mins)

Upon submission of the completed test, analyze the results. During your analysis, keep in mind the following questions:

• What aspects of personality does the test tell you about?
• How do the results of the Big Five differentiate you from your sibling or parent?
• How do your Big Five personality test results relate to Cattell and Eynseck's theories of personality?
• Based on the comparative analysis between your results and the other person related to you, how can an evolutionary perspective be used to explain the relationship between personality traits and their underlying mechanisms?
• Suppose the Big Five test is administered to two people from two different cultures: one is from a collectivist culture and the other is from an individualist culture. How do you think each result will turn out? 
• Is culture a factor to be considered in understanding personality? Please justify your answer.

Step 4. Respond 

Respond by writing a 300-800-word critical analysis that covers all the questions introduced in Step 3. 

Step 5. Share (10 mins)

Share your complete work (critical analysis and a screenshot of your Big Five Personality results) by clicking on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and pasting your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 6. Interact (10 mins)

Evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of the rubric below. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided, as well as comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:

Item A is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item B is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item C is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item D is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item E is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….

In this activity, you will analyze real-life pictures demonstrating the field of positive psychology and identify the problems that it addresses.

Step 1. Review (30 mins)

Review the learning resources for this lesson.

Step 2. Study (30 mins)

Study these pictures taken in real life.

Step 3. Analyze (60 mins)

After studying the pictures, analyze and explain how these real-life pictures can be representative of positive psychology. To be specific, think of the following questions:

• What kind of problems can be addressed by the study of positive psychology?
• How does positive psychology relate to happiness? 
• How are these examples aligned with the definition and goals of positive psychology as a field?
• What positive human qualities are being exhibited by the pictures?
• Should the same amount of attention and funding be given to positive qualities as to negative qualities (illness)?
• What advantages could be gained from the study of positive qualities?

Step 4. Respond (120 mins)

Respond by writing a 200-500-word discussion post that covers all the questions introduced in Step 3. 

Additionally, include one simple example in your own personal life that demonstrates the concepts of positive psychology.

Step 5. Share (10 mins)

Share your work by clicking on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and pasting your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 6. Interact (10 mins)

To complete the activity, you will need to reply to at least two posts made by your peers in a respectful and professional manner. Ensure that your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas of other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to the forum.”

In this activity, you will design an infographic on schizophrenia prevalence statistics, its nature, and any other important related information.

Step 1. Review (45 mins)

Review learning resources for this lesson.

Step 2. Explore (60 mins)

Explore Our World in Data’s Mental Health Statistics. Upon access, you will see a summary table that shows some mental health disorders and their global statistics. Each mental health disorder has a hyperlink that directs you to specific statistics for the chosen mental health disorder. Explore each hyperlink from the summary table. Give particular attention to schizophrenia by considering the following statistics upon access:

• Top 10 countries with the lowest number of recorded schizophrenia cases
• Top 10 countries with the highest number of recorded schizophrenia cases
• Top 5 countries with the lowest prevalence of schizophrenia among men
• Top 5 countries with the highest prevalence of schizophrenia among men
• Top 5 countries with the lowest prevalence of schizophrenia among women
• Top 5 countries with the highest prevalence of schizophrenia among women

Step 3. Design (240 mins)

Design a simple infographic (1-2 A4 pages) that will present and discuss the interpretation of the specific statistics in Step 2.

Additionally, include the following information in the infographics:

• The nature of schizophrenia
• Diagnosis: signs and symptoms
• Causes and risk factors
• Prevention and treatment
• The misconception that schizophrenia involves a split personality 

Recommendations

You may use one of the free following software for your work:

•  Powerpoint, Google Slides, Canva, Word

In this activity, you will write a correspondence letter discussing various modalities of treatment and therapies.

Step 1. Review (70 mins) 

Review the learning resources for this lesson.

Step 2. Study (30 mins)

Study the fictional scenario below:

Step 3. Write (180 mins)

Respond by writing a 300-700-word correspondence letter that aims to address the following points:

• Differences between psychotherapy and biomedical therapy
• Description of the two therapies
• When each therapy can be used
• Pros and cons of each therapy
• Examples (for each therapy)
• Other mental health treatment modalities 
  
• Description of each treatment modality 
• When each treatment modality can be used
• Risks and benefits of each treatment modality 
• Examples (for each treatment modality )

Step 4. Share (10 mins)

Share your work by clicking on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and pasting your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 5. Interact (10 mins)

Evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of the rubric below. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided, as well as comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:

Item A is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item B is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item C is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item D is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
Item E is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….

In this activity, you will reflect and discuss how the different agents of socialization impact your personal socialization process.

Step 1. Review (45 mins)

Review the learning resources for this lesson.

Step 2. Reflect (60 mins)

Reflect on your own socialization process and how the different agents of socialization below impact this process:

• Family, schools, peers, mass media, and religion

In this activity, you will explain the role of human factors psychology in safety, productivity, and job satisfaction in a particular career field/industry. 

Step 1. Review (40 mins)

Review the learning resources for this lesson.

Step 2. Explore (60 mins)

Learn more about career paths, industries, and opportunities for gaining experience in the field of your choice by exploring this website: Job Outlook. Select one career path or occupation that interests you. 

Step 3. Research (60 mins)

Gather more information about the selected occupation, such as:

• Job nature
• Required degrees (if any)
• Knowledge, skills, and abilities needed
• Examples of tasks, activities, and responsibilities usually associated with the selected occupation
• Work environment

Step 4. Analyze (180 mins)

Using the gathered information, analyze the role of human factors psychology and workplace design in your selected occupation. To be more specific, analyze the following key points:

• Detail the chosen occupation
• The areas of human factors psychology that are observed and experienced in the occupation
• The impact of these human factors as well as the workplace design on the occupation’s safety, employees’ productivity, and job satisfaction
• Strategies for strengthening the organizational culture for the chosen occupation

Step 5. Respond

Respond by writing a 300-600-word reflective piece that covers all the key points listed in Step 4.

Step 6. Share (10 mins)

Share your complete work by clicking on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and pasting your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 7. Interact (10 mins)

To complete the activity, you will need to reply to at least two posts made by your peers in a respectful and professional manner. Ensure that your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas of other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to the forum.”

In this activity, you will analyze how the patient-psychologist relationship influences three clinical case examples and write an expository essay that addresses it. 

Step 1. Review (35 mins)

Review the learning resources for this lesson.

Step 2. Analyze (90 mins)

Step 3. Respond (240 mins)

After analyzing the case examples from Step 2, respond by writing a 300-750-word expository essay that covers the following key ideas:

• Importance of the counseling relationship between the patient and psychologist in the three case examples
• Key areas of new thinking on the therapy relationship that apply to the three case examples above
• Strategies to apply this thinking in the counseling practice for better outcomes.

Step 4. Share (10 mins)

Share your complete work by clicking on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and pasting your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 5. Interact (10 mins)

To complete the activity, you will need to reply to at least two posts made by your peers in a respectful and professional manner. Ensure that your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas of other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to the forum.”

In this activity, you will write and illustrate a psychology booklet in a way that is suitable to present to a lay audience.

Step 1. Study (30 mins)

Study the list of topic areas below (all of these topics were covered in the course):

• Foundations of Psychology
• Biopsychology
• Perception, Sensation, and Consciousness
• Human Lifespan Development
• Learning, Attitude, Motivation, and Emotion
• Cognition, Intelligence, and Memory
• Personality
• Health Psychology
• Abnormal Psychology and Psychological Disorders
• Social Psychology
• Industrial-Organizational Psychology
• Counseling Psychology

Step 2. Review and Reflect (30 mins)

Review the modules that are related to the topic areas, especially the topics that you are not familiar with. 

Reflect on the strategies that you may use to present these psychological topics in a way that a lay audience would understand and would feel interested in.

Step 3. Write and Illustrate (330 mins)

Write and illustrate a psychology booklet to cover key information on these 12 topic areas. The key information presented can include definitions, the clinical relevance of the topic, scientific and health facts, treatment options, etc. The booklet should be suitable to present to a lay audience. The booklet must present these 12 topics in a way that a lay audience would be able to visualize, understand and comprehend the key ideas and concepts presented, and ideally, the audience would be able to retain the information acquired. Therefore, the booklet should contain images, graphics, illustrations, and language that are relatable to the audience. Furthermore, the following guidelines should be observed:

• The page orientation of your document must be Landscape.
• A book fold in the middle of the document must be visible.
• A 3mm margin to the document must be added as a safety zone to work within.
• Two pages of the booklet must be allotted to each one (1) of the 12 topic areas, within a 50-100 word limit for each topic.
• Based on the previous bullet point, the booklet is expected to have 24 pages and an overall 600-1200 word limit. Two extra pages may be added for the title page and a brief introduction.
• Microsoft Word or Google Docs may be used to do this final activity.

Example of layout for the booklet:

Step 4. Share (10 mins)

Share your complete work by clicking on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and pasting your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. Please note that if you include images or graphs taken from other sources (websites, reports, articles…), these need to be referenced as well. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

Step 5. Interact (10 mins)

To complete the activity, you will need to reply to at least two posts made by your peers in a respectful and professional manner. Ensure that your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas of other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to the forum.”