Course: General Chemistry 1

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Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 course, part of the series for the Pre-Health Sciences Training Certificate. This course and the certificate are designed primarily for learners interested in preparing for and gaining entry to health-related programs and to help address the prerequisites for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). Our General Chemistry 1 course provides learners with a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles of chemistry. This course covers basic principles and concepts of chemistry, such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, chemical reactions, stoichiometry, and the properties of gases, liquids, and solids.
The General Chemistry 1 course is sponsored in part by the International Development Research Centre and the University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine. Like all NextGenU.org courses, it is competency-based, using competencies based on the Association of American Medical Colleges’ Medical College Admission Test. It uses learning resources from accredited, academic, professional, and world-class organizations and universities, such as Rice University. This course was designed by Alixandria Ali, BSc; Kabiru Gulma, B. Pharm, Ph.D., MSc., MBA; Felix Emeka Anyiam, MPH, MScPH, DataSc.; Sherian Bachan, MSc, BSc; Reisha Narine, MSc, BSc; Aduke Williams, BA; Sara Wildman, BSc; Carolina Bustillos, MD, DiplEd; Rhonda Prudent, BSc; Maryam Musa, MBBS; Pablo Baldiviezo, MD, MSc, DiplEd, and Marco Aurelio Hernandez, Ph.D., MSc; MSc; BSc.
For publications on the efficacy of NextGenU.org’s courses, see NextGenU.org’s publication page.

There are eight (8) modules to complete, which provide an introduction to:
- Module 1: Matter and its Properties
- Module 2: Measurements
- Module 3: Atomic Structure
- Module 4: The Periodic Table
- Module 5: Bonding and Chemical Interactions
- Module 6: Compounds and Stoichiometry
- Module 7: Chemical Kinetics
- Module 8: Chemical Equilibrium
The completion time for this course is estimated at 46 hours, comprising 13 hours of learning resources, 27 hours of studying and assimilation of the content, and 6 hours of participating in learning activities and quizzes to assist learners in synthesizing learning materials. This course is equivalent to 1 credit hour in the U.S. undergraduate/ bachelor’s degree system.
The course requires the completion of all quizzes, discussion forums, and practical activities to receive a course certificate. Practice quizzes are available throughout the course and contain ten multiple-choice questions each. After completing each module, quiz, and learning activity, at the end of the course, you will have access to a final exam consisting of 40 multiple-choice questions and a chance to evaluate this course. Participants have up to three opportunities to take the final exam and achieve the required passing score of >=70%. Once you have passed the final exam and completed the evaluations, you can download a certificate of completion from NextGenU.org and our course’s co-sponsoring organizations.
We keep your personal information confidential, never sell any of your information, and only use anonymized data for research purposes. Also, we are happy to report your testing information and share your work with anyone (your school, employer, etc.) at your request.
Engaging with this Course:
This free course is for students who have graduated from high school and want to prepare to become a health professional and/or pass the MCAT exam. You may also browse this free course for your personal enrichment. There are no requirements.
To obtain a certificate, a learner must first register for the course and then successfully complete the following:
- The pre-test,
- All the reading requirements,
- All quizzes and pass with 70% with unlimited attempts,
- All case scenarios,
- All discussion forums,
- The final exam with a minimum of 70% and a maximum of 3 attempts, and
- The self and course evaluation forms.
To obtain credit:
- Complete all requirements listed above for the certificate, and
- Your learning institution or workplace should approve the partner-university-sponsored NextGenU.org course for educational credit, as they usually would for their learner taking a course anywhere.
NextGenU.org is happy to provide your institution with the following:
- A link to the description of the course training so they can see all of its components, including the co-sponsoring institution,
- Your grade on the final exam,
- Your work products (e.g., discussion forum responses) and any other required or optional shared materials you produce and authorize to share with them,
- Your evaluations -- course and self-assessments, and
- A copy of your certificate of completion with the co-sponsoring organizations listed.
To obtain a degree, NextGenU.org co-sponsors degree programs with institutional partners. To obtain a full degree co-sponsored with NextGenU.org, registrants must be enrolled in a degree program as a student of a NextGenU.org institutional partner. If you think your institution might be interested in offering a degree with NextGenU.org, contact us.

We hope you will find this a rewarding learning experience, and we count on your assessment and feedback to help us improve this training for future students.
Here are the next steps to take the course and earn a certificate:
- Complete the registration form,
- Take the pre-test, and
- Begin the course with Module 1: Matter and its Properties. In each lesson, read the description, complete all required readings and any required activity, as well as take the corresponding quizzes.
Module 1: Matter and Its Properties
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand the various states of matter with an emphasis on how particles are ordered.
Module 1: Lesson 1: Classification of Matter
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define matter and energy.
- Describe the laws of the conservation of mass.
- Compare and contrast the three common states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
- Describe the classifications of the matter: elements, compounds, and mixtures (heterogeneous and homogeneous).
- Describe the techniques used to separate mixtures.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 15 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Classification of Matter URL
  Read the entire page. (25 minutes)
  Chem libre texts - 2021
Module 1: Lesson 2: Properties of Matter
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Understand the difference between physical and chemical change.
- Contrast chemical and physical properties.
- Relate the properties of matter to particle arrangement, energy of particles, and distance between particles.
- Contrast extensive and intensive properties.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 45 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Properties of Matter URL
  Read the entire page. (15 minutes)
  Chem libre texts - 2021
Module 1: Lesson 3: Change of State of matter
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
Interpret graphs for heating and cooling processes that involve a change of state.

Identify phase changes: melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, sublimation, and deposition.

Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 15 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Change in the States of Matter URL
  Read pages 1-5 and look at the final video. (15 minutes)
  BBC - 2022
- Case Scenario: Basic Unit Calculations and Conversions in Metric Units (80 minutes) Forum
  General Instructions
  In this learning activity, you will reflect on all you have learned about the classification and properties of matter, the change of state of matter, and measurements. You will perform basic unit calculations and conversions in metric and other unit systems. To successfully achieve this, you must review all study materials for modules 1 and 2.
  Step 1: Select and Reflect.
  Select one of the topics below and read the scenarios in “Step 2” to describe/ demonstrate your understanding of them in a practical setting.
  Techniques used to separate mixtures.
  The relationship between the properties of matter and particle arrangement, the energy of particles, and the distance between particles.
  Basic unit calculations and conversions in the metric and other unit systems.
  Rules to determine significant figures when reporting measurements and calculated values.
  Conversions from one metric unit to another.
  Step 2: Respond
  Using supporting data for your arguments, prepare a 300-350 words written piece that discusses any of the following questions based on the scenario you selected.
  Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows.
  Scenario:
  Martin is a high school student taking a chemistry course. As part of the course, he has to separate a mixture of salt, sugar, sand, and iron filings. First, Martin looks up different techniques used to separate mixtures. He reads about filtration, distillation, chromatography, and crystallization processes.
  Question:
  Which technique would be the most effective to separate the salt, sugar, sand, and iron filings in Martin’s mixture?
  Consider the following points in your response:
  Think about the nature of each component of the mixture (particle size, solubility, etc.). What are the similarities and differences?
  Which component would be the easiest to separate? Would this component be the first to be separated?
  Which component(s) would be the most challenging to separate? Why?
  Why are the selected processes most suitable for separating this mixture?
  Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow.
  Scenario:
  A student is researching how the properties of matter, particle arrangement, the energy of particles, and the distance between particles are related. The student sets up an experiment to measure the properties of a liquid. The student fills two beakers with the same type of liquid and then stirs one of the beakers. The student then observes the properties of the two liquids, noting that the mixture in the stirred beaker has a higher temperature and a faster movement of its particles.
  Questions:
  1. What is the relationship between the properties of matter and particle arrangement?
  2. How does the energy of particles affect the distance between them?
  3. How does stirring a liquid affects its temperature and particle movement?
  4. What other factors can influence the properties of a liquid?
  Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow.
  Scenario:
  You are a pharmacist working at a local drugstore. A customer has come in and needs a prescription filled. The dosage given to the customer is 5 mg. However, the bottle in stock only has the measurement in milliliters (mL). How many milliliters do you need to give the customer?
  Question:
  What conversion is required to calculate the necessary milliliters for the customer's prescription?
  Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow.
  Scenario:
  You are a scientist in a lab working on an experiment. You have completed the experiment and need to calculate the results. You need to report the results in a way that accurately reflects the precision of your measurements and calculations.
  Question:
  What are the rules for determining significant figures when reporting measurements and calculated values?
  Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow.
  Scenario:
  You are a chemist working in a laboratory and need to measure out 500 mL of a 0.5M acetic acid solution for an experiment. You have a 500 mL volumetric flask, a burette, a pipette, and a 0.5M acetic acid solution.
  Question:
  How many milliliters of the 0.5M acetic acid solution will you need to measure to obtain 500 mL of the 0.5M acetic acid solution?
  Step 3: Share
  To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B.: references are excluded from word counts).
  Step 4: Interact
  To complete the activity, you will need to reply to at least two posts made by your peers respectfully and professionally. Be sure your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas on other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, and click “Post to the forum.”
- Quiz: Module 1
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
Module 2: Measurements
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand the difference between accuracy and precision, the different sources of errors in measurements and how to express numbers properly.
Module 2: Lesson 1: Measurements
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 57 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Measurements URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objectives " to "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (19 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 2: Lesson 2: Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 39 minutes.
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy and Precision URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (13 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 2: Lesson 3: Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Determine conversions from one metric unit to another.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 10 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Treatment of Measurement Results URL
  Read the entire webpage before the heading "Examples." (20 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- Quiz: Module 2
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
Module 3: Atomic Structure
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand the structure and composition of atoms and their isotopes.
- Understand the structure and composition of molecules and their isomers.
- Understand the foundational concepts of Quantum Mechanics.
Module 3: Lesson 1: Atomic Theory of Matter
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 33 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Early Ideas in Atomic Theory URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (11 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 3: Lesson 2: The Structure of the Atom
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
Examine Thomson’s experiment in which he discovered the electron.

Describe Rutherford’s experiment that led to the nuclear model of the atom.

Categorize the subatomic particles that compose atoms.

Define isotopes and give examples for several elements.

Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 45 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Evolution of Atomic Theory URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary."(15 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 3: Lesson 3: Atomic Structure and Symbolism
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 9 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Atomic Structure and Symbolism URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (23 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 3: Lesson 4: Chemical Formulas
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Symbolize the composition of molecules using molecular formulas and empirical formulas.
- Present the bonding arrangement of atoms within molecules using structural formulas.
- Determine when the chemical formula of a compound represents a molecule.
- Determine the isomeric relationship between a pair of molecules.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 33 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Chemical Formulas URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objectives "to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (11 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 3: Lesson 5: Electromagnetic Energy
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the basic behavior of waves, including traveling waves and standing waves.
- Describe both the wave and particle nature of light.
- Correlate the wavelength and frequency of a wave.
- Use appropriate equations to calculate related light-wave properties such as period, frequency, wavelength, and energy.
- Explain the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 33 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Electromagnetic Energy URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objectives," "Waves," "Standing Waves and the Quantum Mechanical Model," "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary." (31 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 3: Lesson 6: Development of Quantum Theory
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the concept of wave–particle duality that was observed in electromagnetic radiation to matter.
- Explain the quantum mechanical description of electrons in orbitals.
- Attribute the 3D shape of an orbital and how electrons are arranged within the atom to the radial distribution function.
- List and describe traits of the four quantum numbers that describe orbitals and specify the location of an electron in an atom.
- State the postulates of Bohr’s theory of the hydrogen atom.
- Relate the energy of a photon to the associated energy levels of an atom.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 39 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
2 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Development of Quantum Theory URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (37 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- The Bohr Model URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (16 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 3: Lesson 7: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Derive the predicted ground-state electron configurations of atoms and ions.
- Relate electron configurations to element classifications in the periodic table.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 33 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations) URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objectives" "Orbital Energies and Atomic Structure" "Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table" "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (11 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 3: Lesson 8: Molecular and Ionic Compounds
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define ionic and molecular (covalent) compounds.
- Predict the type of compound formed from elements based on their location within the periodic table.
- Determine formulas for simple ionic compounds.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 25 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Molecular and Ionic Compounds URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objective" to "Molecular Compounds" inclusive, "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (25 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- Discussion: Atomic Theory and Structure (60 minutes) Forum
  General Instructions
  In this activity, you will describe the atomic theory of matter, atomic structure and symbolism, and the chemical and electronic structure of atoms. You will also use appropriate equations to calculate related light-wave properties such as period, frequency, wavelength, and energy. To achieve this, you must review all the study materials for module three on atomic theory and structure.
  Step 1: Select and Reflect
  Select one of the topics below and demonstrate your understanding of them in theoretical and practical settings.
  Atomic theory of matter
  
  Atomic structure and symbolism
  
  Chemical and electronic structures of atoms
  
  Chemical formulas
  
  Electromagnetic energy
  
  Step 2: Respond
  
  Using supporting data for your arguments, prepare a 300-350 words written piece which discusses any of the following:
  
  Discuss the practical implications of the atomic theory of matter for everyday life.
  
  Describe the difference between the atomic number and mass number of an atom and how they correspond to the atom's symbol.
  
  Describe the effects that adding electrons to an atom will have on its chemical and electronic structure.
  
  Describe how to use chemical formulas to predict the properties of a given compound.
  
  Discuss equations used to calculate the period, frequency, wavelength, and energy of light waves and how these properties relate to each other.
  
  Step 3: Share
  
  To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B.: references are excluded from word counts).
  
  Step 4: Interact
  
  To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of the rubric below. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided and comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, and click “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:
  
  Item A is ____________ because ____________. My suggestions for improvement are ____________.
  Item B is ____________because ____________. My suggestions for improvement are____________.
  Item C is ____________because ____________. My suggestions for improvement are ____________.
  Item D is ____________ because ____________. My suggestions for improvement are ____________.
  Item E is ____________because ____________. My suggestions for improvement are ____________.
- Quiz: Module 3
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
Module 4: The Periodic Table
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand fundamental atomic structure and the periodicity of elements in the periodic table.
Module 4: Lesson 1: Periodic Variations in Element Properties
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the observed trends in atomic size, ionization energy, and electron affinity of the elements.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 9 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Periodic Variations in Element Properties URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objective" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (23 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 4: Lesson 2: History of the Periodic Table
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the history of the periodic table.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 18 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- History of the Periodic Table URL
  Read the entire page. (6 minutes)
  Chem libretexts - 2016
Module 4: Lesson 3: The periodic Table
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- State the periodic law and explain the organization of elements in the periodic table.
- Predict the general properties of elements based on their location within the periodic table.
- Identify metals, nonmetals, and metalloids by their properties and/or location on the periodic table.
- Describe how Mendeleev predicted the properties of undiscovered elements.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 36 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- The Periodic Table URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objective" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (12 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 4: Lesson 4: Effective Nuclear Charge
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the basics of electron shielding and penetration.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 9 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Effective Nuclear Charge URL
  Read the entire page and watch the video. (23 minutes)
  Chem libre texts - 2016
Module 4: Lesson 5: Sizes of Atoms and Ions
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Determine periodic trends in atomic radii.
- Determine the relative ionic sizes within an isoelectronic series.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 45 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Sizes of Atoms and Ions URL
  Read the entire page and watch the video. (35 minutes)
  Chem libre texts - 2016
Module 4: Lesson 6: Ionization Energy
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Determine the relation between ionization energies with the chemistry of the elements.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 12 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Ionization Energy URL
  Read the entire page and watch the video. (24 minutes)
  Chem libre texts - 2016
Module 4: Lesson 7: Electron Affinity
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Identify the inverse relationship of ionization energies and electron affinities.
- Explain electron affinity as a measure of the energy required to add an electron to an atom or ion.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 42 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Electron Affinity URL
  Read the entire page and watch the video. (14 minutes)
  Chem libre texts - 2016
Module 4: Lesson 8: Metals, Non-metals, and Metalloids
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Distinguish the basic properties separating Metals from Nonmetals and Metalloids.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 27 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Metals, Non-metals, and Metalloids URL
  Read the entire page. (9 minutes)
  Chem libre texts - 2016
Module 4: Lesson 9: Group Trends for Group 1A and 2A
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define alkali metals.
- Contrast alkaline earth metals and alkaline metals.
- Describe the reactions of alkali metals.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 21 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Group Trends for Group 1A and 2A URL
  Read the entire page. (7 minutes)
  Chem libre texts - 2016
Module 4: Lesson 10: Group Trends for Selected Nonmetals
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the chemical properties of Hydrogen, the group 16, 17, and 18 elements.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 25 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Group Trends for Selected Nonmetals URL
  Read the entire page. (5 minutes)
  Chem Libre texts - 2016
- Quiz: Module 4
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
Module 5: Bonding and Chemical Interactions
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand the mole concept in relation to Avogadro’s number and mass, the relationship of percent composition and chemical formula, the use of chemical formulas to represent chemical reactions, and the quantitative relationship of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
Module 5: Lesson 1: Ionic Bonding
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the formation of cations, anions, and ionic compounds.
- Predict the charge of common metallic and nonmetallic elements, and write their electron configurations.
- Explain the energetics of ionic bonding.
- Describe some general properties of ionic substances.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 39 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Ionic Bonding URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objective" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (13 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 5: Lesson 2: Covalent Bonding
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the formation of covalent bonds between two atoms.
- Examine electronegativity to assess the polarity of covalent bonds.
- Distinguish coordinate covalent bonds from conventional covalent bonds.
- Correlate the bonding character of molecules from the electronegativity differences between atoms.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 51 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Covalent Bonding URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objective" to "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (17 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 5: Lesson 3: Chemical Nomenclature
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Employ a systematic approach to determine the names of common types of inorganic compounds.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Chemical Nomenclature URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objective" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive, and "Glossary". (20 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 5: Lesson 4: Lewis Symbols and Structures
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Write Lewis symbols for neutral atoms and ions.
- Draw Lewis structures depicting the bonding in simple molecules.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Lewis Symbols and Structures URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objective" to "Hypervalent Molecules," "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (20 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 5: Lesson 5: Formal Charges and Resonance
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Compute formal charges for atoms in any Lewis structure.
- Use formal charges to identify the most reasonable Lewis structure for a given molecule.
- Explain the concept of resonance and draw Lewis structures representing resonance forms for a given molecule.
- Define formal charge and describe the rules for obtaining formal charge.
- State two rules useful in writing Lewis formulas.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 39 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Formal Charges and Resonance URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objective" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (13 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 5: Lesson 6: Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the energetics of covalent and ionic bond formation and breakage.
- Use the Born-Haber cycle to compute lattice energies for ionic compounds.
- Use average covalent bond energies to estimate enthalpies of reaction.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 6 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objective" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (22 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 5: Lesson 7: Molecular Structure and Polarity
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Predict the structures of small molecules using valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
- Explain the concepts of polar covalent bonds and molecular polarity.
- Assess the polarity of a molecule based on its bonding and structure.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 48 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Molecular Structure and Polarity URL
  Read under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (36 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 5: Lesson 8: Intermolecular Forces
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Link the types of intermolecular forces possible between atoms or molecules in condensed phases (dispersion forces, dipole-dipole attractions, and hydrogen bonding).
- Correlate the types of intermolecular forces experienced by specific molecules with their structures.
- Explain the relation between the intermolecular forces present within a substance and the temperatures associated with changes in its physical state.
- Identify and contrast inter and intramolecular forces.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 37 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Intermolecular Forces URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (29 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- Case Scenario: Chemical Interactions (60 minutes) Forum
  General Instructions
  In this activity, you will link the types of intermolecular forces possible between atoms or molecules in condensed phases (dispersion forces, dipole-dipole attractions, and hydrogen bonding), correlate the types of intermolecular forces experienced by specific molecules with their structures, explain the relationship between the intermolecular forces present within a substance and the temperatures associated with changes in its physical state, and identify and contrast inter and intramolecular forces. To successfully achieve this, you will need to review module five's study materials (bonding and chemical interactions).
  Step 1: Select and Reflect
  Read the topic below and demonstrate your understanding of intermolecular forces in theoretical and practical settings.
  Intermolecular forces
  Step 2: Respond
  Using supporting data for your arguments, prepare a 300-350 words written piece that answers any of the following questions based on the scenario you selected.
  Case Scenario 1:
  The chemistry lab has two students tasked with understanding the different types of intermolecular forces possible between atoms and molecules in dispersed phases. The first student studies two gases, hydrogen and oxygen, and their interaction in a dispersed phase. The student observes the two gases undergoing hydrogen bonding.
  The second student studies two liquids, water and ethanol, and their interaction in a dispersed phase. The student observes the two liquids undergoing hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding.
  Questions:
  Describe the strongest type of intermolecular force that occurs between two molecules containing hydrogen atoms and other atoms, like oxygen.
  Describe the interactions and bonding taking place as observed by the second student.
  Case Scenario 2:
  You are a chemist in a laboratory tasked with determining the intermolecular forces experienced by two specific molecules: ethanol (C2H6O) and propane (C3H8).
  Questions:
  1. What type of intermolecular force is present in ethanol?
  2. What type of intermolecular force is present in propane?
  3. How does the structure of ethanol contribute to the intermolecular forces present?
  4. How does the structure of propane contribute to the intermolecular forces present?
  5. How would the intermolecular forces be affected if the temperature of the molecules was increased?
  Case Scenario 3:
  The intermolecular forces present in a substance can greatly influence the temperatures at which it changes its physical state. For example, when a substance with strong intermolecular forces is heated, it will require a higher temperature to transition from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas. On the other hand, a substance with weaker intermolecular forces will require less energy to transition between different physical states.
  Questions:
  1. What factors impact the strength of intermolecular forces in a substance?
  2. How do intermolecular forces affect a substance's boiling and melting points?
  3. What happens to intermolecular forces when a substance transitions from one physical state to another?
  4. How does the strength of intermolecular forces influence the ease of changing a substance’s physical state?
  Step 3: Share
  To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B.: references are excluded from word counts).
  Step 4: Interact
  To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of the rubric below. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided and comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, and click “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:
  
  Item A is ____________ because ____________. My suggestions for improvement are ____________.
  Item B is ____________ because ____________. My suggestions for improvement are ____________.
  Item C is ____________ because ____________. My suggestions for improvement are ____________.
  Item D is ____________ because ____________. My suggestions for improvement are ____________.
  Item E is ____________ because ____________. My suggestions for improvement are ____________.
- Quiz: Module 5
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
Module 6: Compounds and Stoichiometry
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand the fundamentals of acid/base reactions, redox reactions, and precipitation reactions.
Module 6: Lesson 1: Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Calculate formula masses for covalent and ionic compounds.
- Define the amount unit mole and the related quantity Avogadro’s number.
- Explain the relation between mass, moles, and numbers of atoms or molecules, and perform calculations deriving these quantities from one another.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 6 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Formula Mass and the Mole Concept URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Example 5," "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary." (22 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 6: Lesson 2: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Estimate the percent composition of a compound.
- Calculate the empirical formula of a compound from percent composition.
- Calculate the molecular formula of a compound.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 3 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (21 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 6: Lesson 3: Molarity
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the fundamental properties of solutions.
- Calculate solution concentrations using molarity.
- Perform dilution calculations using the dilution equation.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 18 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Molarity URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (20 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 6: Lesson 4: Other Units for Solution Concentrations
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define the concentration units of mass percentage, volume percentage, mass-volume percentage, parts-per-million (ppm), and parts-per-billion (ppb).
- Perform computations relating a solution’s concentration and its components’ volumes and/or masses.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 42 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Other Units for Solution Concentrations URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (14 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 6: Lesson 5: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Derive chemical equations from narrative descriptions of chemical reactions.
- Write and balance chemical equations in molecular, total ionic, and net ionic formats.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 12 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (24 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 6: Lesson 6: Classifying Chemical Reactions
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Distinguish the three common types of chemical reactions (precipitation, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction).
- Classify chemical reactions as one of these three types given appropriate descriptions or chemical equations.
- Identify common acids and bases.
- Predict the solubility of common inorganic compounds by using solubility rules.
- Compute the oxidation states for elements in compounds.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Classifying Chemical Reactions URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive and "Glossary". (40 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 6: Lesson 7: Reaction Stoichiometry
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the concept of stoichiometry as it pertains to chemical reactions.
- Use balanced chemical equations to derive stoichiometric factors relating amounts of reactants and products.
- Perform stoichiometric calculations involving mass, moles, and solution molarity.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 36 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Reaction Stoichiometry URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Figure 2," "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary." (13 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 6: Lesson 8: Reaction Yields
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the concepts of theoretical yield and limiting reactants/reagents.
- Appraise the theoretical yield for a reaction under specified conditions.
- Calculate the percent yield for a reaction.
- Distinguish the limiting reactant and reactant in excess.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 42 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Reaction Yields URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Example 3," "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary." (16 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 6: Lesson 9: Quantitative Chemical Analysis
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the fundamental aspects of titrations and gravimetric analysis.
- Perform stoichiometric calculations using typical titration and gravimetric data.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 44 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Quantitative Chemical Analysis URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (18 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- Discussion: Concentration of Solutions and Dilution (100 minutes) Forum
  General Instructions
  In this activity, you will calculate solution concentrations using molarity and perform dilution calculations using the dilution equation. To successfully achieve this, you will need to review all the study materials for module six (compounds and stoichiometry).
  Step 1: Select and Reflect
  Select lesson three (molarity) in module six and demonstrate your understanding of them in theoretical and practical settings.
  Step 2: Respond
  Using supporting data for your arguments, prepare a 300-350 word written piece which discusses any of the following:
  You are given a solution of a mysterious substance that you need to identify. You have been told that the solution has a molarity of 0.5 M. To identify the substance, you need to determine the concentration of the solution.
  Questions:
  How can you use the molarity of the solution to determine the concentration?
  
  What instruments can you use to measure the concentration of the solution?
  
  What is the difference between molarity and concentration?
  
  How do you calculate the molarity of a solution?
  
  2. John is a scientist in a chemical lab. He needs to dilute a chemical solution currently at a concentration of 10M. He has a 1L volumetric flask filled with water at a concentration of 0.001M.
  
  John needs to use the dilution equation to determine how much of the 10M solution he needs to add to the 1L volumetric flask to achieve a desired concentration of 0.01 M.
  
  Questions:
  
  How much of the 10M solution does John need to add to the 1L volumetric flask to achieve a concentration of 0.01M?
  
  What is the final volume of the diluted solution?
  
  What is the concentration of the diluted solution?
  
  Step 3: Share
  
  To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B.: references are excluded from word counts).
  
  Step 4: Interact
  
  To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of the rubric below. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided and comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, and click “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:
  
  Item A is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item B is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item C is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item D is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item E is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
- Quiz: Module 6
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
Module 7: Chemical Kinetics
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand and apply relevant Rate Laws and conduct calculations to determine reaction order.
- Analyze graphs to determine reaction order.
- Understand Collision Theory and the Arrhenius Equation.
- Understand reaction mechanisms and use them to analyze rate determining steps.
- Analyze and create energy diagrams.
Module 7: Lesson 1: Chemical Reaction Rates
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define chemical reaction rate.
- Calculate reaction rates from experimental data.
- Identify differences between average rate, initial rate, and instantaneous rate.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 48 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Chemical Reaction Rates URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Figure 2," "Relative Rates of Reaction" to "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary." (17 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 7: Lesson 2: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the effects of chemical nature, physical state, temperature, concentration, and catalysis on reaction rates.
- Define a catalyst.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 21 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Factors Affecting Reaction Rates URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (7 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 7: Lesson 3: Rate Laws
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the form and function of rate law.
- Use rate laws to calculate reaction rates.
- Use rate and concentration data to identify reaction orders and derive rate laws.
- Contrast the rate of a reaction and its rate constant.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 3 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Rate Laws URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (21 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 7: Lesson 4: Integrated Rate Laws
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the form and function of an integrated rate law.
- Perform integrated rate law calculations for zero-, first-, and second-order reactions.
- Define half-life and carry out related calculations.
- Determine the order of a reaction from concentration/time data.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 6 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Integrated Rate Laws URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (22 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 7: Lesson 5: Collision Theory
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Use the postulates of collision theory to explain the effects of physical state, temperature, and concentration on reaction rates.
- Define the concepts of activation energy and transition state.
- Use the Arrhenius equation in calculations relating rate constants to temperature.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 57 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Collision Theory URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (19 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 7: Lesson 6: Reaction Mechanisms
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Distinguish net reactions from elementary reactions (steps).
- Appraise the molecularity of elementary reactions.
- Write a balanced chemical equation for a process given its reaction mechanism.
- Derive the rate law consistent with a given reaction mechanism.
- Distinguish unimolecular, bimolecular, elementary, and overall reaction.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 54 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Reaction Mechanisms URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (18 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 7: Lesson 7: Catalysis
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the function of a catalyst in terms of reaction mechanisms and potential energy diagrams.
- List examples of catalysis in natural and industrial processes.
- Compare the functions of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 35 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Catalysis URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Automobile Catalytic Converters" and "Key Concepts and Summary." (18 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- Case Scenario: (100 minutes) Forum
  General Instructions
  In this activity, you will read expository essays and explain the function of a catalyst in terms of reaction mechanisms and potential energy diagrams, list examples of catalysis in natural and industrial processes, and compare the functions of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. You will also write a balanced chemical equation for a process given its reaction mechanism. To successfully achieve this, you will need to review all the study materials for module five on bonding and chemical interactions.
  Step 1: Select and Reflect
  Read the topic below and demonstrate your understanding of intermolecular forces in theoretical and practical settings.
  Intermolecular forces
  Step 2: Respond
  Using supporting data for your arguments, prepare a 300-350 word written piece that answers any of the following questions based on the scenario you selected.
  Case Scenario 1:
  A catalyst is used to increase the rate of a chemical reaction. It does this by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction to take place with lower activation energy. In this experiment, two different catalysts are tested in the reaction of 2 molecules of A to form 1 molecule of B and 1 molecule of C. Catalyst 1 is a homogeneous catalyst, while catalyst 2 is a heterogeneous catalyst.
  Experimental Numbers:
  Catalyst 1:
  Activation Energy: 10 kcal/mol
  Reaction Rate: 0.2 mol/min
  Catalyst 2:
  Activation Energy: 7 kcal/mol
  Reaction Rate: 0.3 mol/min
  Questions:
  1. How does the use of a catalyst affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
  2. What is the difference between a homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst?
  3. How does the activation energy of a reaction influence the rate of the reaction?
  4. How does the reaction rate of catalyst 1 compare to that of catalyst 2?
  5. What factors might explain the difference in reaction rates between the two catalysts?
  Case Scenario 2:
  Catalysis is an essential process in both natural and industrial processes. In nature, catalysts are used to speed up chemical reactions, allowing them to occur more quickly and efficiently. For example, enzymes such as cytochrome c are used in biological processes, such as the breakdown of glucose molecules into energy. In industry, catalysts are used to increase the efficiency and control of chemical reactions, resulting in products with fewer environmental impacts and lower costs. Catalysts are used to produce a wide variety of products, including fuels, drugs, detergents, plastics, and fertilizers.
  Questions:
  1. What are some natural processes that use catalysis?
  2. How does using catalysts in industrial processes increase efficiency and reduce environmental impacts?
  3. What types of products are produced by using catalysts in industrial processes?
  4. How does the use of catalysts in industrial processes reduce costs?
  5. What role does cytochrome c play in biological processes?
  Case Scenario 3:
  A chemist is conducting an experiment to compare the functions of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The chemist sets up two identical experiments, one with a homogeneous catalyst and one with a heterogeneous catalyst. In each reaction, the chemist adds the same amount of reactants and the same amount of catalyst. The chemist then measures the rate of reaction in both experiments and observes the differences between the two catalysts.
  Questions:
  1. What are the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts?
  2. How does the rate of reaction differ between the two catalysts?
  3. What factors might affect the effectiveness of each catalyst?
  4. What are the possible implications of using one type of catalyst over the other?
  5. How could the experiment be improved to provide more accurate data?
  Case Scenario 4:
  A student is studying the reaction mechanism of a chemical reaction between two compounds, A and B. Compound A is a molecule with three carbon atoms and four oxygen atoms, while compound B is a molecule with four carbon atoms and three oxygen atoms. The student wants to determine the reaction rate between the two compounds and the products of the reaction.
  To do this, the student first draws the Lewis structure of each compound. The Lewis structure of compound A shows two double bonds and two single bonds between the carbon and oxygen atoms. The Lewis structure of compound B shows three double bonds and one single bond between the carbon and oxygen atoms.
  Next, the student draws a reaction mechanism diagram to illustrate the steps that occur in the reaction. According to this diagram, when compound A reacts with compound B, an intermediate compound C is formed. This intermediate compound C has two double bonds and two single bonds between the carbon and oxygen atoms.
  The student then uses the reaction mechanism diagram to write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. The equation shows that two molecules of compound A react with one molecule of compound B to form one molecule of intermediate compound C, and two molecules of product D.
  Questions:
  1. What is the Lewis structure of compound A?
  2. What is the Lewis structure of compound B?
  3. What is the intermediate compound formed when compound A reacts with compound B?
  4. How many molecules of compound A and compound B are needed to form one molecule of intermediate compound C?
  5. What are the products of the reaction between compound A and compound B?
  6. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between compound A and compound B.
  Step 3: Share
  To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B.: references are excluded from word counts).
  Step 4: Interact
  To complete the activity, you will need to reply to at least two posts made by your peers respectfully and professionally. Be sure your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas on other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, and click “Post to the forum.”
- Quiz: Module 7
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
Module 8: Chemical Equilibrium
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand the concepts and applications of general chemical equilibria and Le Chatelier’s Principle.
Module 8: Lesson 1: Chemical Equilibrium
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Question the nature of the equilibrium system.
- Explain the dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 30 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Chemical Equilibria URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (10 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 8: Lesson 2: Equilibrium Constants
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Derive reaction quotients from chemical equations representing homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions.
- Calculate values of reaction quotients and equilibrium constants, using concentrations and pressures.
- Correlate the magnitude of an equilibrium constant to properties of the chemical system.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 27 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Equilibrium Constants URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" and "Glossary". (29 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 8: Lesson 3: Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Articulate the ways in which an equilibrium system can be stressed.
- Determine the response of a stressed equilibrium using Le Châtelier’s principle.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 21 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
2 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Table 2. Effects of Disturbances and Equilibrium and K" and "Key Concepts and Summary". (20 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- The Haber Process URL
  Read the entire page. (7 minutes)
  Chemistry Libretexts
Module 8: Lesson 4: Equilibrium Calculations
Student Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Write equations representing changes in concentration and pressure for chemical species in equilibrium systems.
- Use algebra to perform various types of equilibrium calculations.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 3 hours and 38 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Equilibrium Calculations URL
  Read under the sections "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary" inclusive. (36 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- Discussion: Chemical Equilibrium (100 minutes) Forum
  General Instructions
  In this learning activity, you will reflect on all you have learned about chemical equilibrium and write equations representing changes in concentration and pressure for chemical species in equilibrium systems, calculate values of reaction quotients and equilibrium constants using concentration and pressure, use algebra to perform different equilibrium calculations, and determine the response of a stressed equilibrium using Le Chatelier’s principle. To successfully achieve this, you will need to review all the study materials for module three on atomic theory and structure.
  Step 1: Select and Reflect
  Select one of the topics below and demonstrate your understanding of them in theoretical and practical settings.
  Equilibrium calculations
  Equilibrium constants
  Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
  Step 2: Respond
  Using supporting data for your arguments, prepare a 300-350 word written piece which discusses any of the following:
  Given the reaction: A + B <-> C + D, what equations can be written to represent changes in the concentrations and pressures of species A, B, C, and D as the system approaches equilibrium?
  Given a reaction with Kp = 2.3x10^4 atm at 298 K, calculate the reaction quotient, Q, and equilibrium constant, Kc, of the reaction when the reaction mixture has a concentration of [CO2] = 0.0032 M and [CO] = 0.0045 M and a pressure of 1.2 atm.
  Scenario:
  A chemist is tasked with determining the equilibrium concentrations of a chemical reaction.
  Using algebra, the chemist sets up an equation to represent the reaction, using the concentration of each species' concentration as variables. The chemist then uses the reaction equation to calculate the equilibrium concentrations of the substances involved in the reaction.
  Questions:
  1. What chemical equation is used to represent the reaction?
  2. How is the equation used to calculate the equilibrium concentrations of the substances involved in the reaction?
  3. What other factors must be taken into consideration when performing equilibrium calculations?
  Case Scenario:
  An experiment is conducted to examine the response of a stressed equilibrium when Le Chatelier’s principle is applied. A chemical reaction is used to represent the equilibrium, and the following reaction is written:
  A + B ⇌ C + D
  To begin, the reaction is initially set up in its equilibrium state, with the reactants and products present in their equilibrium concentrations. The system is then subjected to a stress, such as a change in temperature, pressure, or concentration of one of the reactants or products. The response of the system can then be observed to determine how the equilibrium has shifted in response to the stress.
  To determine the response of a stressed equilibrium using Le Chatelier’s principle, it is important to observe the changes that occur in the system. If the stress is an increase in temperature, for instance, the reaction rate will increase, leading to an increase in the concentration of the products. On the other hand, if the stress is a decrease in the concentration of one of the reactants, the reaction rate will decrease, leading to a decrease in the concentration of the products.
  Question:
  1. What will happen to the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and products if the pressure is increased?
  Step 3: Share
  To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B.: references are excluded from word counts).
  Step 4: Interact
  To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of the rubric below. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided and comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, and click “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:
  
  Item A is .…. because….. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item B is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item C is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item D is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item E is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
- Quiz: Module 8
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
Final Exam

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- Final Exam Quiz
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  All of:
  The activity Course Registration is marked complete
  The activity Pre-Test is marked complete
  The activity Quiz: Module 1 is marked complete
  The activity Quiz: Module 2 is marked complete
  The activity Quiz: Module 3 is marked complete
  The activity Quiz: Module 4 is marked complete
  The activity Quiz: Module 5 is marked complete
  The activity Quiz: Module 6 is marked complete
  The activity Quiz: Module 7 is marked complete
  The activity Quiz: Module 8 is marked complete
  All of:
  The activity Case Scenario: Basic Unit Calculations and Conversions in Metric Units (80 minutes) is marked complete
  The activity Discussion: Atomic Theory and Structure (60 minutes) is marked complete
  The activity Case Scenario: Chemical Interactions (60 minutes) is marked complete
  The activity Discussion: Concentration of Solutions and Dilution (100 minutes) is marked complete
  The activity Case Scenario: (100 minutes) is marked complete
  The activity Discussion: Concentration of Solutions and Dilution (100 minutes) is marked complete
  The activity Case Scenario: (100 minutes) is marked complete
  The activity Discussion: Chemical Equilibrium (100 minutes) is marked complete
  
  To take the final exam, you must complete all quizzes and complete all the required activities. The final exam consists of 40 questions, and you will have 40 minutes to complete it. When the time is over, you will have two minutes to submit your attempt before it expires, and your progress is discarded. You will not be able to answer additional questions in the grace period.
  To access the exam, click on the name of the exam provided above. On the following screen, click the attempt quiz button to respond to the questions.
Course and Self Evaluation & Certificate

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- Course Evaluation Questionnaire
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Course Activities

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Instructional Goals covered in this module:

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Instructional Goals covered in this module:

Instructional Goals covered in this module:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Instructional Goals covered in this module:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Instructional Goals covered in this module:

Student Learning Outcomes:

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Student Learning Outcomes:

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Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Instructional Goals covered in this module:

Student Learning Outcomes:

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Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities

Student Learning Outcomes:

Required Learning Resources and Activities