Course: General Chemistry 2

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*In order to enroll in this course, you need to complete General Chemistry Part 1. Click on enroll now and input the code provided at the completion of General Chemistry Part 1.
Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 course, a part of the Pre-Health Sciences Training Certificate series. This course and certificate have been developed to cater to the needs of learners who are keen on gaining admission to health-related programs and who wish to fulfill the prerequisites for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT).
Our General Chemistry 2 course serves as an extension of the General Chemistry 1 course and offers learners a more comprehensive understanding of the foundational principles of chemistry. Through this course, learners will be able to delve deeper into the various topics covered in Module 1, providing a more expansive overview of the subject matter.
The General Chemistry 2 course is sponsored in part by the International Development Research Centre and the University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine. Like all NextGenU.org courses, it is competency-based, using competencies based on the Association of American Medical Colleges’ Medical College Admission Test. It uses learning resources from accredited, academic, professional, and world-class organizations and universities such as Rice University. The course was designed by Alixandria Ali, BSc; Pablo Baldiviezo MD, MSc, DiplEd; Sherian Bachan MSc, BSc; Carolina Bustillos MD, DiplEd; Kabiru Gulma B. Pharm, MBA, MSc., Ph.D.; Felix Emeka Anyiam, MPH, MScPH, DataSc.; Marco Aurelio Hernandez Ph.D., MSc, MSc, BSc; Reisha Narine MSc, BSc; Sara Wildman, BSc; and Aduke Williams BA.
For publications on NextGenU.org’s courses’ efficacy, see NextGenU.org’s publication page.
There are eight (8) modules to complete, which provide an introduction to:
Module 1: Thermochemistry and Thermodynamics
Module 2: Gases
Module 3: Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
Module 4: Physical Properties of Solutions
Module 5: Acids, Bases, and Salts
Module 6: Equilibria of Other Reactions
Module 7: Electrochemistry
Module 8: Nuclear Chemistry
The completion time for this course is estimated at 52 hours, comprising 15 hours of learning resources, 29 hours of studying and assimilation of the content, and 8 hours of participating in learning activities and quizzes to assist the learners in synthesizing learning materials. This course is equivalent to 1 credit hours in the U.S. undergraduate/bachelor’s degree system.
The course requires the completion of all quizzes, discussion forums, and practical activities to receive a course certificate. Practice quizzes are available throughout the course and contain 10 Multiple-Choice Questions each. After you’ve completed each module, quiz, and learning activity, at the end of the course, you’ll have access to a final exam consisting of 40 Multiple-Choice Questions and a chance to evaluate this course. Participants have up to three opportunities to take the final exam and achieve the required passing score of >=70%. Once you’ve passed the final exam and completed the evaluations, you will be able to download a certificate of completion from NextGenU.org and our course’s co-sponsoring organizations.
We keep all of your personal information confidential, never sell any of your information, and only use anonymized data for research purposes. Also, we are happy to report your testing information and share your work with anyone (your school, employer, etc.) at your request.
Engaging with this Course:
This free course is aimed at students who have graduated from high school and want to prepare to become a health professional and/or pass the MCAT exam. You can also browse this course for free to learn for your personal enrichment,
If you are using the course to prepare for your career as a health professional or prepare for the MCAT exam, you must complete General Chemistry 1 before.
To obtain a certificate, a learner must first register for the course and then successfully complete:
- The pre-test,
- All the reading requirements,
- All quizzes and pass with 70% with unlimited attempts,
- All learning activities,
- The final exam with a minimum of 70% and a maximum of 3 attempts, and
- The self and course evaluation forms.
To obtain credit:
- Complete all requirements listed above for the certificate, and
- Your learning institution or workplace should approve the partner-university-sponsored NextGenU.org course for educational credit, as they usually would for their learner taking a course anywhere.
NextGenU.org is happy to provide your institution with:
- A link to and description of the course training so they can see all of its components, including the co-sponsoring institutions,
- Your grade on the final exam,
- Your work products (e.g., discussion forum responses) and any other required or optional shared materials that you produce and authorize to share with them,
- Your evaluations -- course and self-assessments,
- A copy of your certificate of completion with the co-sponsoring organizations listed.
To obtain a degree, NextGenU.org co-sponsors degree programs with institutional partners. To obtain a full degree co-sponsored with NextGenU.org, registrants must be enrolled in a degree program as a student of a NextGenU.org institutional partner. If you think your institution might be interested in offering a degree with NextGenU.org, contact us.
We hope you will find this a rewarding learning experience, and we count on your assessment and feedback to help us improve this training for future students.
Here are the next steps to take the course and earn a certificate:
- Complete the registration form,
- Take the pre-test, and
- Begin the course with Module 1: Building Blocks of Biochemistry. In each lesson, read the description, complete all required readings and any required activity, as well as take the corresponding quizzes.
Module 1: Thermochemistry and Thermodynamics
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand the properties and applications of energy changes in chemical reactions.
- Understand the relationship between microscopic properties of molecules with thermodynamic observables.
Module 1: Lesson 1: Energy Basics
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define energy, distinguish types of energy, and describe the nature of energy changes that accompany chemical and physical changes.
- Distinguish the related properties of heat, thermal energy, and temperature.
- Define and distinguish specific heat and heat capacity, and describe the physical implications of both.
- Perform calculations involving heat, specific heat, and temperature change.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 33 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Energy Basics URL
  Read the entire section. ( 31 minutes)
  Chemistry libre texts - 2020
Module 1: Lesson 2: Calorimetry
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the technique of calorimetry.
- Calculate and interpret heat and related properties using typical calorimetry data
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 39 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Calorimetry URL
  Read the entire section. (33 minutes)
  Chemistry libre texts - 2020
Module 1: Lesson 3: Enthalpy
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- State the first law of thermodynamics.
- Define enthalpy and explain its classification as a state function.
- Write and balance thermochemical equations.
- Calculate enthalpy changes for various chemical reactions.
- Explain Hess’s law and use it to compute reaction enthalpies.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 45 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Enthalpy URL
  Read the entire section. (35 minutes)
  Chemistry libre texts - 2020
Module 1: Lesson 4: Spontaneity
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Distinguish between spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes.
- Explain the dispersal of matter and energy that accompanies certain spontaneous processes
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 27 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Spontaneity URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (9 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 1: Lesson 5: Entropy
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define entropy.
- Explain the relationship between entropy and the number of microstates.
- Estimate the sign of the entropy change for chemical and physical processes.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 48 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Entropy URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (16 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 1: Lesson 6: The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- State and explain the second and third laws of thermodynamics.
- Calculate entropy changes for phase transitions and chemical reactions under standard conditions.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 30 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (10 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 1: Lesson 7: Free Energy
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Break down the concept of Gibbs free energy and describe its relation to spontaneity.
- Calculate free energy change for a process using free energies of formation for its reactants and products.
- Calculate free energy change for a process using enthalpies of formation and the entropies for its reactants and products.
- Explain how temperature affects the spontaneity of some processes.
- Relate standard free energy changes to equilibrium constants.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 58 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Free Energy URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (16 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- Reflection Peer Activity 1: Thermodynamic Calculations (120 minutes) Forum
  General Instructions
  In this learning activity, you will reflect on all you have learned about thermochemistry and thermodynamics in order to perform calculations involving heat, enthalpy, entropy, or free energy and write a balanced chemical reaction. To successfully achieve this, you will need to review all the study materials for Module One.
  Step 1: Review
  Review the material based on the topics below.
  Energy Basics
  Enthalpy
  The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
  Free Energy
  Step 2: Respond
  Read the scenario below, and using supporting data to back your arguments, prepare a 500-600 word written piece that answers all of the questions:
  Case Scenario:
  An experiment was conducted to find the thermochemical and thermodynamic properties of a reaction. The reaction is between potassium chloride (KCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The reaction is as follows:
  In the experiment, the following values were obtained:
  • Mass of KCl = 2.4 g
  • Temperature at start of reaction = 21°C
  • Temperature at the end of reaction = 28°C
  • Heat of fusion of KCl = 4.17 kJ/mol
  • Heat of reaction = -36.8 kJ
  • Entropy change of reaction = -21.2 J/K
  • Free energy of reaction = -30.2 kJ
  Questions:
  1. How much heat was released during the reaction?
  2. What is the enthalpy change of the reaction?
  3. What is the entropy change of the reaction at 25°C?
  4. What is the free energy change of the reaction at 25°C?
  5. How much energy is required to melt 1 mol of KCl?
  Step 3: Share
  To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B.: references are excluded from word counts).
  Step 4: Interact
  To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of the rubric below. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided, as well as comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.”
  You can use the list below as an example:
  Item A is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item B is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item C is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item D is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item E is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
- Quiz: Module 1
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the attempt quiz button to view the case studies and respond to the questions.
Module 2: Gases
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Apply the “gas laws” governing the physical/chemical behavior of gases to understand the mathematical relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas, the partial pressures of a gas in a mixture, quantitative relationships of reactants and products in a gaseous reaction and the behavior and properties of gases at the molecular level.
Module 2: Lesson 1: Gas Pressure
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define the property of pressure and convert among the units of pressure measurements.
- Explain the operation of common tools for measuring gas pressure.
- Calculate pressure from manometer data.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Gas Pressure URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (20 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 2: Lesson 2: Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Examine the mathematical relationships between the various properties of gases.
- Use the ideal gas law, and related gas laws, to compute the values of various gas properties under specified conditions.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 12 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (24 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 2: Lesson 3: Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Determine the density and molar masses of a gas using the ideal gas law.
- Perform stoichiometric calculations involving gaseous substances.
- Examine Dalton’s law of partial pressures and implement it in calculations involving gaseous mixtures.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 45 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (15 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 2: Lesson 4: Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define and explain effusion and diffusion.
- Describe how individual gas molecules move when undergoing diffusion.
- Calculate the ratio of effusion rates of gases.
- Describe Graham’s law and use it to compute relevant gas properties.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 33 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Effusion and Diffusion of Gases URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (11 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 2: Lesson 5: The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the postulates of the kinetic-molecular theory.
- Use this theory’s postulates to explain the gas laws.
- Judge how the root-mean-square (rms) molecular speed and molecular-speed distribution of gas molecules varies with temperature.
- Calculate the rms speed of gas molecules.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 42 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Kinetic Molecular Theory URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (14 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 2: Lesson 6: Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Examine the physical factors that lead to deviations from ideal gas behavior.
- Explain how the physical factors are represented in the van der Waals equation.
- Define compressibility (Z) and describe how its variation with pressure reflects non-ideal behavior.
- Quantify non-ideal behavior by comparing computations of gas properties using the ideal gas law and the van der Waals equation.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 16 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Non-Ideal Gas Behavior URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (12 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- Discussion Forum: Gases (90 minutes)
  General Instructions
  In this activity, you will describe the ideal gas law, effusion and diffusion, and non-ideal gas behavior. You will also calculate pressure and determine the density and molar masses of a gas using the ideal gas law. To successfully achieve this, you will need to review all the study materials for Module Two.
  Step 1: Select and Reflect
  Select one of the following lessons below and reflect on how they are applied in practical settings.
  Gas Pressure
  Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
  Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
  Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
  Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
  Step 2: Respond
  Using supporting data to back your arguments, prepare a 500-600 word written piece which discusses any one of the following:
  Describe some of the practical applications of using pressurized gas to power machines and the safety considerations for working with high gas pressures in industrial settings.
  Describe how changing the temperature of an ideal gas affects the relationship between its pressure, volume, and amount.
  Discuss why some gases diffuse more readily than others and how temperature affects the rate of diffusion.
  What are the limitations of real gases compared to ideal gases, and how can we account for non-ideal behavior in our models?
  Given that the Ideal Gas Law equation is PV = nRT, what is the density (ρ) of a gas with a pressure of 1.2 atm, a molar mass of 32 g/mol and a temperature of 25°C?
  Step 3: Share
  To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B.: references are excluded from word counts).
  Step 4: Interact
  To complete the activity, you will need to reply to at least two posts made by your peers in a respectful and professional manner. Be sure your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas on other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.”
- Quiz: Module 2
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the attempt quiz button to view the case studies and respond to the questions.
Module 3: Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand the fundamentals of acid/base reactions, redox reactions, and precipitation reactions.
Module 3: Lesson 1: General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe how and why solutions form.
- Define polar substances.
- Identify electrolytes in solutions.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 30 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- General Properties of Aqueous Solutions URL
  Read the entire section. (10 minutes)
  Chemistry libre texts - 2016
Module 3: Lesson 2: Precipitation Reactions
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Identify the characteristics of a precipitation reaction.
- Use guidelines to predict the solubility of ionic compounds in water.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 33 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Precipitation Reactions URL
  Read the entire section and look at the video contents. (31 minutes)
  Chemistry libre texts - 2016
Module 3: Lesson 3: Introduction to Acid-Base Reactions
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Examine the principal properties of acids and bases.
- Describe acids and bases using the Arrhenius and /Bronsted-Lowry definition.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 3 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- An Introduction to Acid-Base Reactions URL
  Read the entire section and look at the video content. (21 minutes)
  Chemistry libre texts - 2016
Module 3: Lesson 4: Introduction to Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Identify oxidation–reduction reactions in solution.
- Identify the characteristics required in chemical reactions in order to be considered as redox reactions.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 18 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Introduction to Oxidation-Reduction Reactions URL
  Read the entire section. (26 minutes)
  Chemistry libre texts - 2016
Module 3: Lesson 5: Concentration of a Solution
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the concentrations of solutions quantitatively.
- Determine how solutions are prepared.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 30 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Concentration of a Solution URL
  Read the entire section and look at the video contents. (30 minutes)
  Chemistry libre texts (Heartland Community College) - 2016
Module 3: Lesson 6: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Calculate the concentration of an unknown solution using a titration.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 4 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis URL
  Read the entire section and look at the video contents. (18 minutes)
  Chemistry libre texts (Heartland Community College) - 2016
- Discussion Forum: Solution Stoichiometry (60 minutes)
  General Instructions
  In this activity, you will describe the general properties of aqueous solutions, precipitation reactions, acid-base reactions, and oxidation-reduction reactions. You will also calculate the concentration of unknown solutions using titration. To successfully achieve this, you will need to review all the study materials for Module Three.
  Step 1: Select and Reflect
  Select one of the following lessons below and reflect on how they are applied in practical settings.
  General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
  Precipitation Reactions
  Introduction to Acid-Base Reactions
  Introduction to Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
  Concentration of a Solution
  Step 2: Respond
  Using supporting data to back your arguments, prepare a 350-500 word written piece which discusses any one of the following:
  How can you use electrochemical methods to identify the presence of electrolytes in a solution accurately?
  Describe the predictive models that can be used to determine the solubility of ionic compounds in water.
  What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and how is it used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution?
  Describe what species gains electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction, what happens when zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid, and what is said to be oxidized in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
  Step 3: Share
  To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B.: references are excluded from word counts).
  Step 4: Interact
  To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of the rubric below. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided, as well as comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:
  Item A is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item B is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item C is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item D is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item E is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
- Quiz: Module 3
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the attempt quiz button to view the case studies and respond to the questions.
Module 4: Physical Properties of Solutions
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand solubility, complex ion equilibria, and the basic (colligative) properties of solutions.
Module 4: Lesson 1: The Dissolution Process
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the basic properties of solutions and how they form.
- Predict whether a given mixture will yield a solution based on molecular properties of its components.
- Explain why some solutions either produce or absorb heat when they form.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 45 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- The Dissolution Process URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (15 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 4: Lesson 2: Electrolytes
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define and give examples of electrolytes.
- Distinguish between the physical and chemical changes that accompany dissolution of ionic and covalent electrolytes.
- Relate electrolyte strength to solute-solvent attractive forces.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 30 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Electrolytes URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (10 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 4: Lesson 3: Solubility
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the effects of temperature and pressure on solubility.
- State Henry’s law and use it in calculations involving the solubility of a gas in a liquid.
- Explain the degrees of solubility possible for liquid-liquid solutions.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 24 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Solubility URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (28 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 4: Lesson 4: Colligative Properties
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Express concentrations of solution components using mole fraction and molality.
- Describe the effect of solute concentration on various solution properties (vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure).
- Perform calculations using the mathematical equations that describe these various colligative effects.
- Describe the process of distillation and its practical applications.
- Explain the process of osmosis and describe how it is applied industrially and in nature
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 33 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Colligative Properties URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (31 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 4: Lesson 5: Colloids
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe the composition and properties of colloidal dispersions.
- List and explain several technological applications of colloids.
- Distinguish between dispersion methods and condensation methods for preparing colloidal systems.
- Describe how colloidal particles are electrically charged.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Colloids URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (20 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 4: Lesson 6: Common Ion Effect
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Recognize common ions from various salts, acids, and bases.
- Calculate concentrations involving common ions.
- Calculate ion concentrations involving chemical equilibrium.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 40 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Common Ion Effect URL
  Read the entire section. (10 minutes)
  Chemistry libretexts - 2021
- Quiz: Module 4
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the attempt quiz button to view the case studies and respond to the questions.
Module 5: Acids, Bases, and Salts
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand the fundamentals of acid/base equilibria, including pH calculations, buffer behavior, acid/base titrations, and their relationship to electrophiles and nucleophiles.
Module 5: Lesson 1: Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Identify acids, bases, and conjugate acid-base pairs according to the Brønsted-Lowry definition.
- Write equations for acid and base ionization reactions.
- Use the ion-product constant for water to calculate hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations.
- Describe the acid-base behavior of amphiprotic substances.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 45 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (15 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 5: Lesson 2: pH and pOH
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the characterization of aqueous solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral.
- Express hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations on the pH and pOH scales.
- Perform calculations relating pH and pOH.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 30 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- pH and pOH URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (10 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 5: Lesson 3 : Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Assess the relative strengths of acids and bases according to their ionization constants.
- Rationalize trends in acid–base strength in relation to molecular structure.
- Carry out equilibrium calculations for weak acid–base systems.
- Deduce whether a salt solution will be acidic, basic, or neutral.
- Calculate the concentrations of the various species in a salt solution.
- Describe the process that causes solutions of certain metal ions to be acidic.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours and 39 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
2 URLs
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (32 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- Hydrolysis of Salts URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (21 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 5: Lesson 4: Polyprotic Acids
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Extend previously introduced equilibrium concepts to acids and bases that may donate or accept more than one proton.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 45 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Polyprotic Acids URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (15 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 5: Lesson 5: Buffers
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Breakdown the composition and function of acid–base buffers.
- Calculate the pH of a buffer before and after the addition of added acid or base.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 51 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Buffers URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (17 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 5: Lesson 6: Acid-Base Titrations
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Interpret titration curves for strong and weak acid-base systems.
- Compute sample pH at important stages of a titration.
- Explain the function of acid-base indicators.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 55 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Acid-Base Titrations URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (15 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- Quiz: Module 5
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the attempt quiz button to view the case studies and respond to the questions.
Module 6: Equilibria of Other Reactions
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand the principles of Lewis acids and bases and Chemical Equilibria.
Module 6: Lesson 1: Precipitation and Dissolution
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Write chemical equations and equilibrium expressions representing solubility equilibria.
- Carry out equilibrium computations involving solubility, equilibrium expressions, and solute concentrations.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 3 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Precipitation and Dissolution URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (21 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 6: Lesson 2: Lewis Acids and Bases
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Explain the Lewis model of acid-base chemistry.
- Write equations for the formation of adducts and complex ions.
- Perform equilibrium calculations involving formation constants.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 45 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Lewis Acids and Bases URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (15 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 6: Lesson 3: Coupled Equilibria
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Describe examples of systems involving two (or more) simultaneous chemical equilibria.
- Calculate reactant and product concentrations for multiple equilibrium systems.
- Compare dissolution and weak electrolyte formation.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 44 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL, 1 Quiz
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Coupled Equilibria URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary." (12 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
- Quiz: Module 6
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the attempt quiz button to view the case studies and respond to the questions.
Module 7: Electrochemistry
Instructional Goals covered in this module:
- Understand the basics of electrochemistry, and the relationship of electrical parameters to thermodynamic and stoichiometric parameters.
Modulo 7: Lesson 1: Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Define electrochemistry and a number of important associated terms.
- Split oxidation-reduction reactions into their oxidation half-reactions and reduction half-reactions.
- Produce balanced oxidation-reduction equations for reactions in acidic or basic solutions.
- Identify oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 6 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary" (22 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 7: Lesson 2: Galvanic Cells
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Use cell notation to describe galvanic cells.
- Describe the basic components of galvanic cells.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 39 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Galvanic Cells URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary" (13 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Modelu 7: Lesson 3: Standard Reduction Potentials
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Determine standard cell potentials for oxidation-reduction reactions.
- Use standard reduction potentials to determine the better oxidizing or reducing agent from among several possible choices.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 45 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Standard Reduction Potentials URL
  Read the contents under the headings "Learning Objectives" to "Key Concepts and Summary," and "Glossary" (15 minutes)
  boisestate.pressbooks.pub
Module 7: Lesson 4: Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
- Relate cell potentials to free energy changes.
- Use the Nernst equation to determine cell potentials at nonstandard conditions.
- Perform calculations that involve converting between cell potentials, free energy changes, and equilibrium constants.
Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 30 minutes.

Click here to start this lesson
1 URL
- Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium URL

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