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Organic Chemistry 2

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    • Pre-Test Quiz
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  • Organic Chemistry 2 Homepage

       

    Welcome to the Organic Chemistry 2 course, part of the series for the Pre-Health Sciences Training Certificate. This course and the certificate are designed primarily for learners interested in preparing for and gaining entry to health-related programs and to help address the prerequisites for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). Our Organic Chemistry 2 course provides learners with a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles of chemistry. 

    This course covers basic principles and concepts of Organic Chemistry, such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, synthesis, the reactivity and chemistry of enolates, and the techniques used for the separation of mixtures, among others. 

    The Organic Chemistry 2 course is sponsored in part by the International Development Research Centre and the University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine. Like all NextGenU.org courses, it is competency-based, using competencies based on the Association of American Medical Colleges’ Medical College Admission Test. It uses learning resources from accredited, academic, professional, and world-class organizations and universities, such as Rice University. This course was designed by Alixandria Ali, B.Sc.; Kabiru Gulma, B. Pharm, Ph.D. M.Sc., MBA; Sherian Bachan, M.Sc., B.Sc.; Marco Aurelio Hernandez, Ph.D., MSc; MSc; BSc.; and Felix Emeka Anyiam, MPH, MScPH, DataSc.

    For publications on the efficacy of NextGenU.org’s courses, see NextGenU.org’s publication page.

                                                                                                                      https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/zvD_BuuJ6orIOuZkbABw_ufgbHSvAkqgB2QScRMlhCsqLrAKzoD77P83r6GdsZVXD9109WBNutYSbVSZWpLGNpUMfPc


    There are seven (7) modules to complete, which provide an introduction to:

    Module 1: Carboxylic Acids
    Module 2: Aldehydes and Ketones
    Module 3: Enolate Chemistry and Aldols
    Module 4: Aromatic Systems and Amines
    Module 5: Nitrogen-and Phosphorus-Containing Compounds
    Module 6: Spectroscopy
    Module 7: Separations and Purifications

    The completion time for this course is estimated at 69 hours, comprising 21 hours of learning resources, 41 hours of studying and assimilation of the content, and 7 hours of participating in learning activities and quizzes to assist learners in synthesizing learning materials. This course is equivalent to 1 credit hour in the U.S. undergraduate/bachelor’s degree system.

    The course requires the completion of all quizzes, discussion forums, and practical activities to receive a course certificate. Practice quizzes are available throughout the course and contain ten multiple-choice questions each. After completing each module, quiz, and learning activity, at the end of the course, you will have access to a final exam consisting of 40 multiple-choice questions and a chance to evaluate this course. Participants have up to three opportunities to take the final exam and achieve the required passing score of >=70%. Once you have passed the final exam and completed the evaluations, you can download a certificate of completion from NextGenU.org and our course’s co-sponsoring organizations. 

    We keep your personal information confidential, never sell any of your information, and only use anonymized data for research purposes. Also, we are happy to report your testing information and share your work with anyone (your school, employer, etc.) at your request. 

    Engaging with this Course:

    This free course is for students who have graduated from high school and want to prepare to become a health professional and/or pass the MCAT exam. You may also browse this free course for your personal enrichment. There are no requirements. 

    To obtain a certificate, a learner must first register for the course and then successfully complete the following:

    • The pre-test,
    • All the reading requirements,
    • All quizzes and pass with 70% with unlimited attempts,
    • All learning activites,
    • The final exam with a minimum of 70% and a maximum of 3 attempts, and 
    • The self and course evaluation forms.


    To obtain credit:

    • Complete all requirements listed above for the certificate, and
    • Your learning institution or workplace should approve the partner-university-sponsored NextGenU.org course for educational credit, as they usually would for their learner taking a course anywhere.


    NextGenU.org is happy to provide your institution with the following:

    • A link to the description of the course training so they can see all of its components, including the co-sponsoring institution,
    • Your grade on the final exam,
    • Your work products (e.g., discussion forum responses) and any other required or optional shared materials you produce and authorize to share with them,
    • Your evaluations -- course and self-assessments, and 
    • A copy of your certificate of completion with the co-sponsoring organizations listed.


    To obtain a degree, NextGenU.org co-sponsors degree programs with institutional partners. To obtain a full degree co-sponsored with NextGenU.org, registrants must be enrolled in a degree program as a student of a NextGenU.org institutional partner. If you think your institution might be interested in offering a degree with NextGenU.org, contact us.

    We hope you will find this a rewarding learning experience, and we count on your assessment and feedback to help us improve this training for future students.

    Here are the next steps to take the course and earn a certificate:

    • Complete the registration form,
    • Take the pre-test, and 
    • Begin the course with Module 1: Carboxylic Acids. In each lesson, read the description, complete all required readings and any required activity, as well as take the corresponding quizzes.

    • Module 1: Carboxylic Acids

      Instructional Goals covered in this module:

      • Understand the structure, composition, synthesis, reactivity, and nomenclature of carboxylic acids.
      • Module 1: Lesson 1: Carboxylic Acids

        Student Learning Outcomes:
        Upon completion of this module, students you will be able to:
        • Compare the physical properties and reactivity of carboxylic acids.
        • Describe the reaction mechanisms that demonstrate the processes by which carboxylic acids are synthesized.
        • Identify common reactions of carboxylic acids.
        • Describe the sequences to synthesize and transform carboxylic acids from starting materials to demonstrate an understanding of carboxylic acid reactions.
        Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 15 minutes.

        Click here to start this lesson

        1 URL
        • Required Learning Resources and Activities
        • 'Carboxylic Acids' URL

          Read the section on carboxylic acids.(25 minutes)

           Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry Michigan State - 2013

      • Module 1: Lesson 2: Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids

        Student Learning Outcomes:
        Upon completion of this module, students you will be able to:
        • Explain the underlying cause of the relatively high acidity of carboxylic acids.
        • Predict the effects of additional substituents on the acidity of a carboxylic acid.
        • Rank the acidity of comparable carboxylic acids based on their structure.
        Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 21 minutes.

        Click here to start this lesson

        1 URL
        • Required Learning Resources and Activities
        • Acidity of Carboxylic Acids URL

          Read the entire section. (7 minutes)
          ChemLibre Text - 2020

      • Module 1: Lesson 3: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

        Student Learning Outcomes:
        Upon completion of this module, students you will be able to:
        • Apply the IUPAC rules for naming carboxylic acid derivatives, including the nomenclature for the cyclic version of the molecule.
        • Identify the reactant types used in acyl substitution reactions to form the major carboxylic acid derivatives, such as amides and esters.
        • Describe the mechanism of nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions.
        • Identify the conditions that would lead to spontaneous decarboxylation of a carboxylic acid.
        • Predict the products of an acyl substitution reaction.
        • Order carboxylic acid derivatives (anhydrides, esters, and amides) based on their reactivity.
        • Explain how strong acid and strong base conditions would impact the mechanism of hydrolysis of an amide.
        • Identify the nucleophile and electrophile within nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions.
        Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 3 hours and 33 minutes.

        Click here to start this lesson

        4 URLs
        • Required Learning Resources and Activities
        • 'Carboxylic Acid Derivatives' URL

          Read the sections on Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids. (31 minutes)

          Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry Michigan State - 2013

        • Chemistry of Amines URL

          Read the sections on Amine reactivity. (20 minutes)

          Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry Michigan State - 2013

        • Reactions of Amines (continued) URL

          Read the sections on Reactions of Amines. (15 minutes)

          Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry Michigan State - 2013

        • The Leuckart Reaction URL

          Read the sections on The Leuckart Reaction and Pyrolytic syn-Elimination. (5 minutes)

          Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry Michigan State - 2013

      • Module 1: Lesson 4: Alpha Substitution Reactions

        Student Learning Outcomes:
        Upon completion of this module, students you will be able to:
        • Identify the species that act as nucleophiles and electrophiles in aldol condensations.
        • Describe a condensation reaction.
        • List the reaction types associated with aldol condensation.
        • Describe the conditions, reactants, and products involved in a retro-aldol reaction.
        • Identify an alpha carbon.
        Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hours and 15 minutes.

        Click here to start this lesson

        1 URL
        • Required Learning Resources and Activities
        • Carbonyl Condensations - The Aldol Reaction URL

          Read the entire page. (25 minutes)

          Chemistry LibreText - 2022

      • Module 1: Lesson 5: Carbonyl Condensation Reactions

        Student Learning Outcomes:
        Upon completion of this module, students you will be able to:
        • Identify the role of the beta hydroxide group in the general mechanism for an aldol addition reaction.
        • Describe the general mechanism for decarboxylation of beta-carboxy ketone or aldehyde.
        • Identify the three steps (deprotonation or decarboxylation, attack, leaving/ collapse groups) involved with the Claisen condensation reaction.
        • Describe the two steps (attack and collapse/ leaving groups) involved in the retro-Claisen reaction.
        • Illustrate the general mechanism for conjugation addition (of a carbon nucleophile for a Michael addition) and beta-elimination reactions.
        • Describe the general mechanism for the carboxylation of an enolate.
        Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 6 hours and 26 minutes.

        Click here to start this lesson

        4 URLs, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
        • Required Learning Resources and Activities
        • Decarboxylation URL

          Read the entire page. (20 minutes)

          Chemistry LibreText - 2022

        • The Claisen Condensation Reaction URL

          Read the entire page. (20 minutes)

          Chemistry LibreText - 2022

        • Conjugate Addition and Elimination URL

          Read the entire page.  (20 minutes)

          Chemistry LibreText - 2022

        • Carboxylation URL

          Read the entire page.  (20 minutes)

          Chemistry LibreText - 2022

        • Synthesis, Derivatives, and Reactions of Carboxylic Acids (1 hour) Forum

          General Instructions:

          In this activity, you will demonstrate your understanding of the synthesis of carboxylic acids, their derivatives, and their various reactions.

          Step 1: Select and Reflect

          Select one of the topics below and demonstrate your understanding of them in theoretical and practical settings:

          • Carboxylic Acids

          • Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids

          • Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 

          • Alpha Substitution Reactions

          • Carbonyl Condensation Reactions

          Step 2: Respond

          Answer any one of the following questions:

          1. Name the following carboxylic acids and derivatives.

          1. Using balanced chemical equations, show and describe the steps involved in the acid-catalyzed synthesis of an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

          2. Predict the major organic product(s) for each of the following reactions:

          Step 3: Share 

          To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. You do not need to share your drawings that were done in the chemistry tool, but you can discuss them if needed. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B.: references are excluded from word counts).

          Step 4: Interact 

          To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of the rubric below. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided and comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, and click “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:


          Item A is….. because ….. My suggestions for improvement are …..

          Item B is ….. because ….. My suggestions for improvement are…..

          Item C is ….. because ….. My suggestions for improvement are…..

          Item D is ….. because …… My suggestions for improvement are ……

          Item E is ….. because ….. My suggestions for improvement are …..

        • Quiz: Module 1

          To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.

      • Module 2: Aldehydes and Ketones

        Instructional Goals covered in this module:

        • Understand the structure, composition, synthesis, reactivity, and nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones and the nomenclature of physical and chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones.
        • Module 2: Lesson 1: Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

          Student Learning Outcomes:
          Upon completion of this module, students you will be able to:
          • Name and draw the structure of aldehydes and ketones using IUPAC rules.
          • Describe the physical properties and reactivity of aldehydes and ketones.
          Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 2 hours.

          Click here to start this lesson

          2 URLs
          • Required Learning Resources and Activities
          • Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones URL

            Read the entire page.  (25 minutes)

            Chemistry LibreText - 2019

          • Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones URL

            Read the entire page. (15 minutes)

            Chemistry LibreText - 2021

        • Module 2: Lesson 2: Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones

          Student Learning Outcomes:
          Upon completion of this module, students you will be able to:
          • Explain the use of PCC and Jones' reagents for the oxidation of 1º- and 2º-alcohols and their conversion to aldehydes and ketones.
          • Explain the mechanism of Friedel-Crafts' acylation of aromatic compounds.
          • Explain the reaction mechanisms for the synthesis of cleaved aldehydes and ketones from the hydroxylation of alkenes (reaction with osmium tetroxide or permanganate) of the vicinal glycols.
          • Explain the synthesis and reaction mechanism of ozonolysis of alkenes to form an aldehyde product.
          Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 3 hours and 30 minutes .

          Click here to start this lesson

          4 URLs
          • Required Learning Resources and Activities
          • Oxidation of Alcohols URL

            Read the entire page. (20 minutes)

            Chemistry LibreText - 2022

          • Alkylation and Acylation of Aromatic Rings - The Friedel-Crafts Reaction URL

            Read the entire page. (20 minutes)

            Chemistry LibreText - 2021

          • Dihydroxylation of Alkenes URL

            Read the entire page. (20 minutes)

            Chemistry LibreText - 2019

          • Ozonolysis of Alkenes and Alkynes URL

            Read the entire page. (10 minutes)

            Chemistry LibreText - 2023

        • Module 2: Lesson 3: Reactivity of Aldehydes and Ketones

          Student Learning Outcomes:
          Upon completion of this module, students you will be able to:
          • Explain the formation of stable hydrates and hemiacetals from adding water to aldehydes and ketones.
          • .Explain the reaction mechanisms and distinguish the formation of acetals by the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with two equivalents of alcohol and the elimination of water.
          • Explain the formation of imine derivatives from the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with ammonia or 1º-amines (Schiff bases).
          • Break down the formation of enamine and cyanohydrin from the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with 2º-amines and hydrogen cyanide, respectively.
          • Deduce the products formed by the reduction of aldehydes and ketones by complex metal hydrides and by adding organometallic reagents.
          • Break down the reaction products and mechanisms for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones.
          • Outline the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids using oxidizing agents.
          Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 6 hours and 41 minutes.

          Click here to start this lesson

          6 URLs, 1 Forum, 1 Quiz
          • Required Learning Resources and Activities
          • Formation of hydrates, hemiacetals, acetals URL

            Read the entire page. (20 minutes)

            Chemistry LibreText - 2020

          • Reaction with Primary Amines to form Imines URL

            Read the entire page. (20 minutes)

            Chemistry LibreText - 2023

          • Cyanohydrin Formation URL

            Read the entire page. (25 minutes)

            Chemistry LibreText - 2019

          • Addition of Hydrides to Aldehydes and Ketones URL

            Read the entire page. (15 minutes)

            Chemistry LibreText - 2019

          • The Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones URL

            Read the entire page. (20 minutes)

            Chemistry LibreText - 2023

          • Oxidation of Aldehydes URL

            Read the entire page. (10 minutes)

            Chemistry LibreText - 2022

          • Synthesis, Properties, and Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones (1 hour) Forum

            General Instructions:

            In this activity, you will demonstrate your understanding of the synthesis of carboxylic acids, their derivatives, and their various reactions.

            Step 1: Select and Reflect

            Select one of the topics below and demonstrate your understanding of them in theoretical and practical settings:

            • Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones

            • Reactivity of Aldehydes and Ketones

            Step 2: Respond

            Answer any one of the following questions: 

            1. What is the name of the reaction in the diagram below? Explain the role of the catalysts and show (with chemical structures) the three steps involved, from the reactants to the formation of the final products.


            1. With the aid of appropriate chemical reactions, show how the addition of water affects the formation of stable hydrates and hemiacetals from aldehydes and ketones.

            2. a. Name the natural sources of the following aldehydes and ketones:


            b. Name the following reactions, draw the structures of the products, and name the structures (you can use the chemistry tool to draw out any structures or mechanisms to help you answer).



            Step 3: Share 

            To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work into the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. You do not need to share your drawings that were done in the chemistry tool, but you can discuss them if needed. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B.: references are excluded from word counts).

            Step 4: Interact 

            To complete the activity, evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of the rubric below. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided and comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback, and click “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:

            Item A is….. because ….. My suggestions for improvement are …..

            Item B is ….. because ….. My suggestions for improvement are…..

            Item C is ….. because ….. My suggestions for improvement are…..

            Item D is ….. because …… My suggestions for improvement are ……

            Item E is ….. because ….. My suggestions for improvement are …..


          • Quiz: Module 2

            To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.

        • Module 3: Enolate Chemistry and Aldols

          Instructional Goals covered in this module:

          • Understand the synthesis, reactivity, and chemistry of enolates.


          • Module 3: Lesson 1: General Principles of the α-hydrogen on aldehydes and ketones.

            Student Learning Outcomes:
            Upon completion of this module, students you will be able to:
            • Explain the acidic nature of α-hydrogens on aldehydes and ketones.
            • Compare the acidity of the α-hydrogens of aldehydes to those of ketones.
            Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 15 minutes.

            Click here to start this lesson

            1 URL
            • Required Learning Resources and Activities
            • Acidity of a-Hydrogens URL

              Read the entire page. (5 minutes)

              University of Calgary

          • Module 3: Lesson 2. Enolate Chemistry

            Student Learning Outcomes:
            Upon completion of this module, students you will be able to:
            • Describe the relationship between steric hindrance and reactivity.
            • Define tautomerization and draw basic and acidic tautomerizations.
            • Identify the thermodynamically favored tautomer of an aldehyde or ketone.
            • Predict the role of an enolate carbanion in a reaction.
            • Describe the conditions that favor keto and enol forms.
            • Describe alpha carbon reaction mechanisms incorporating enols for neutral/ acidic reactions and enolates for basic reactions.
            • Determine if a kinetic or thermodynamic enolate will form based on reaction conditions.
            • Describe kinetic and thermodynamic enolate reaction mechanisms.
            • Describe mechanisms for halogenation at alpha carbon and direct enolate alkylation.
            Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 6 hours and 30 minutes.

            Click here to start this lesson

            8 URLs
            • Required Learning Resources and Activities
            • Steric Hindrance URL

              Read the entire page. (10 minutes)

            • Acidity of Aldehydes and Ketones: Enolate Ions URL

              Read the entire page. (25 minutes)

              Chemistry LibreText - 2019

            • Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Enolate Anions URL

              Read the entire page. (20 minutes)

              Chemistry LibreText - 2021

            • Keto-Enol Tautomerism URL

              Read the entire page. (20 minutes)

              Chemistry LibreText - 2023

            • Alpha-carbon Reactions URL

              Read from the beginning of the webpage to the end of the section "Enols and Enolate Anions". (15 minutes)

              Chemistry LibreText - 2023

            • α-Carbon Reactions in the Synthesis Lab - Kinetic vs. Thermodynamic Alkylation Products URL

              Read the entire webpage. (20 minutes)

              Chemistry LibreText - 2022

            • Alpha Halogenation of Carbonyls URL

              Read the entire webpage. (10 minutes)

              Chemistry LibreText - 2022

            • Enolate alkylation URL

              Read the entire webpage. (10 minutes)

              Chemistry LibreText - 2020

          • Module 3: Lesson 3: Aldol Reactions

            Student Learning Outcomes:
            Upon completion of this module, students you will be able to:
            • Understand diastereoselection.
            • Describe the role of Boron enolates in aldol reactions.
            • Understand the Mukaiyama aldol reaction.
            Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 56 minutes.

            Click here to start this lesson

            3 URLs, 1 Quiz
            • Required Learning Resources and Activities
            • Introduction - Stereoselectivity URL

              Read the entire webpage. (5 minutes)

              Chemistry LibreText - 2022

            • Diastereoselective URL