Instructional Goals covered in this module:

Student Learning Outcomes:

• Distinguish between anatomy and physiology, and identify several branches of each.
• Describe the structure of the body, from simplest to most complex, in terms of the six levels of organization.
  
• Identify the functional characteristics of human life.
  
• Identify the four requirements for human survival.
  
• Define homeostasis and explain its importance to normal human functioning.
  
• Use appropriate anatomical terminology to identify key body structures, body regions, and directions in the body.
  
• Compare and contrast at least four medical imaging techniques in terms of their function and use in medicine.
  

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the fundamental composition of matter.
• Identify the three subatomic particles.
  
• Identify the four most abundant elements in the body.
  
• Explain the relationship between an atom’s number of electrons and its relative stability.
  
• Define homeostasis and explain its importance to normal human functioning.
  
• Distinguish between ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds.
  
• Explain how energy is invested, stored, and released via chemical reactions, particularly those reactions that are critical to life.
  
• Explain the importance of the inorganic compounds that contribute to life, such as water, salts, acids, and bases.
  
• Compare and contrast the four important classes of organic (carbon-based) compounds—proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids—according to their composition and functional importance to human life.
  

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane, including its regulation of materials into and out of the cell.
• Describe the functions of the various cytoplasmic organelles.
  
• Explain the structure and contents of the nucleus, as well as the process of DNA replication.
  
• Explain the process by which a cell builds proteins using the DNA code.
  
• List the stages of the cell cycle in order, including the steps of cell division in somatic cells.
  
• Discuss how a cell differentiates and becomes more specialized.
  
• List the morphological and physiological characteristics of some representative cell types in the human body.
  

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Identify the main tissue types and discuss their roles in the human body.
• Identify the four types of tissue membranes and the characteristics of each that make them functional.
  
• Explain the functions of various epithelial tissues and how their forms enable their functions.
  
• Explain the functions of various connective tissues and how their forms enable their functions.
  
• Describe the characteristics of muscle tissue and how these enable function.
  
• Discuss how a cell differentiates and becomes more specialized.
• Discuss the characteristics of nervous tissue and how these enable information processing and control of muscular and glandular activities.

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Instructional Goals covered in this module:

Student Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the integumentary system and the role it plays in homeostasis.
• Describe the layers of the skin and the functions of each layer.
  
• Describe the accessory structures of the skin and the functions of each.
  
• Describe the changes that occur in the integumentary system during the aging process.
  
• Discuss several common diseases, disorders, and injuries that affect the integumentary system.
  
• Explain treatments for some common diseases, disorders, and injuries of the integumentary system.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• List and describe the functions of bones.
• Describe the classes of bones.
  
• Discuss the process of bone formation and development.
• Explain how bone repairs itself after a fracture.
• Discuss the effect of exercise, nutrition, and hormones on bone tissue.
• Describe how an imbalance of calcium can affect bone tissue.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the functions of the skeletal system and define its two major subdivisions.
• Identify the bones and bony structures of the skull, the cranial suture lines, the cranial fossae, and the openings in the skull.
  
• Discuss the vertebral column and regional variations in its bony components and curvatures.
  
• Describe the components of the thoracic cage.
  
• Discuss the embryonic development of the axial skeleton.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Discuss the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, and describe how these unite the limbs with the axial skeleton.
• Describe the bones of the upper limb, including the bones of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.
  
• Identify the features of the pelvis and explain how these differ between the adult male and female pelvis.
  
• Describe the bones of the lower limb, including the bones of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
  
• Describe the embryonic formation and growth of the limb bones.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Discuss both functional and structural classifications for body joints.
• Describe the characteristic features for fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints and give examples of each.
  
• Define and identify the different body movements.
  
• Discuss the structure of specific body joints and the movements allowed by each.
  
• Explain the development of body joints.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Explain the organization of muscle tissue.
• Describe the function and structure of skeletal, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
  
• Explain how muscles work with tendons to move the body.
  
• Describe how muscles contract and relax.
  
• Define the process of muscle metabolism.
• Explain how the nervous system controls muscle tension.
  
• Relate the connections between exercise and muscle performance.
  
• Explain the development and regeneration of muscle tissue.
  

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the actions and roles of agonists and antagonists.
• Explain the structure and organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force.
  
• Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles.
  
• Identify the skeletal muscles and their actions on the skeleton and soft tissues of the body.
  
• Identify the origins and insertions of skeletal muscles and the prime movements.

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Instructional Goals covered in this module:

Student Learning Outcomes:

• Name the major divisions of the nervous system, both anatomical and functional.
• Describe the functional and structural differences between gray matter and white matter structures.
  
• Name the parts of the multipolar neuron in order of polarity.
  
• List the types of glial cells and assign each to the proper division of the nervous system, along with their function(s).
  
• Distinguish the major functions of the nervous system: sensation, integration, and response.
• Describe the components of the membrane that establish the resting membrane potential.
  
• Describe the changes that occur to the membrane that result in the action potential.
  
• Explain the differences between types of graded potentials.
  
• Categorize the major neurotransmitters by chemical type and effect.
  

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Relate the developmental processes of the embryonic nervous system to the adult structures.
  
• Name the major regions of the adult nervous system.
  
• Locate regions of the cerebral cortex on the basis of anatomical landmarks common to all human brains.
  
• Describe the regions of the spinal cord in cross-section.
• List the cranial nerves in order of anatomical location and provide the central and peripheral connections.
  
• List the spinal nerves by vertebral region and by which nerve plexus each supplies.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the components of the somatic nervous system.
  
• Name the modalities and submodalities of the sensory systems.
  
• Distinguish between general and special senses.
  
• Describe regions of the central nervous system that contribute to somatic functions.
• Explain the stimulus-response motor pathway.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the components of the autonomic nervous system.
  
• Differentiate between the structures of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions in the autonomic nervous system.
  
• Name the components of a visceral reflex specific to the autonomic division to which it belongs.
  
• Predict the response of a target effector to autonomic input on the basis of the released signaling molecule.
• Describe how the central nervous system coordinates and contributes to autonomic functions.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the major sections of the neurological exam.
  
• Outline the benefits of rapidly assessing neurological function.
  
• Relate anatomical structures of the nervous system to specific functions.
  
• Diagram the connections of the nervous system to the musculature and integument involved in primary sensorimotor responses.
• Compare and contrast the somatic and visceral reflexes with respect to how they are assessed through the neurological exam.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Identify the contributions of the endocrine system to homeostasis.
  
• Discuss the chemical composition of hormones and the mechanisms of hormone action.
  
• Summarize the site of production, regulation, and effects of the hormones of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands.
  
• Discuss the hormonal regulation of the reproductive system.
• Explain the role of the pancreatic endocrine cells in the regulation of blood glucose.
• Identify the hormones released by the heart, kidneys, and other organs with secondary endocrine functions.
  
• Discuss several common diseases associated with endocrine system dysfunction.
  
• Discuss the embryonic development of, and the effects of aging on, the endocrine system.
  

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Instructional Goals covered in this module:

Student Learning Outcomes:

• Identify the primary functions of blood, its fluid and cellular components, and its physical characteristics.
  
• Identify the most important proteins and other solutes present in blood plasma.
  
• Describe the formation of the formed element components of blood.
  
• Discuss the structure and function of red blood cells and hemoglobin.
• Classify and characterize white blood cells.
• Describe the structure of platelets and explain the process of hemostasis.
  
• Explain the significance of AB and Rh blood groups in blood transfusions.
  
• Discuss a variety of blood disorders.
  

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Identify and describe the interior and exterior parts of the human heart.
  
• Describe the path of blood through the cardiac circuits.
  
• Describe the size, shape, and location of the heart.
  
• Compare cardiac muscle to skeletal and smooth muscle.
• Explain the cardiac conduction system.
• Describe the process and purpose of an electrocardiogram.
  
• Explain the cardiac cycle.
  
• Calculate cardiac output.
  
• Describe the effects of exercise on cardiac output and heart rate.
  
• Name the centers of the brain that control heart rate and describe their function.
  
• Identify other factors affecting heart rate.
  
• Describe fetal heart development.
  

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Compare and contrast the anatomical structure of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
  
• Accurately describe the forces that account for capillary exchange.
  
• List the major factors affecting blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance.
  
• Describe how blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance interrelate.
• Discuss how the neural and endocrine mechanisms maintain homeostasis within the blood vessels
• Describe the interaction of the cardiovascular system with other body systems.
  
• Label the major blood vessels of the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
  
• Identify and describe the hepatic p.ortal system.
  
• Describe the development of blood vessels and fetal circulation.
  
• Compare fetal circulation to that of an individual after birth.
  

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Identify the components and anatomy of the lymphatic system.
  
• Discuss the role of the innate immune response against pathogens.
  
• Describe the power of the adaptive immune response to cure disease.
  
• Explain immunological deficiencies and over-reactions of the immune system.
• Discuss the role of the immune response in transplantation and cancer.
• Describe the interaction of the immune and lymphatic systems with other body systems.

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Instructional Goals covered in this module:

Student Learning Outcomes:

• List the structures of the respiratory system.
  
• List the major functions of the respiratory system.
  
• Outline the forces that allow for air movement into and out of the lungs.
  
• Outline the process of gas exchange.
• Summarize the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport within the respiratory system.
• Create a flow chart illustrating how respiration is controlled.
• Discuss how the respiratory system responds to exercise.
  
• Describe the development of the respiratory system in the embryo.
  

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• List and describe the functional anatomy of the organs and accessory organs of the digestive system.
  
• Discuss the processes and control of ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation.
  
• Discuss the roles of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder in digestion.
  
• Compare and contrast the digestion of the three macronutrients.

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Student Learning Outcomes:

• Describe the processes involved in anabolic and catabolic reactions.
  
• List and describe the steps necessary for carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.
  
• Explain the processes that regulate glucose levels during the absorptive and postabsorptive states.
  
• Explain how metabolism is essential to maintaining body temperature (thermoregulation).
• Summarize the importance of vitamins and minerals in the diet.