Section: Module 2: Pandemics in High- and Low-Income Countries | Pandemic Etiology, Preparedness, and Response

Section: Module 2: Pandemics in High- and Low-Income Countries | Pandemic Etiology, Preparedness, and Response | NextGenU.org

Instructional Goals covered in this module:

Explain the differences in the roles, responsibilities, relationships, and collaborations among governments, public health agencies, public health systems, and healthcare providers in high- and low-income countries.

Integrate components of successful pandemic preparedness and response plans to improve upon existing strategies considering available resources, barriers, and constraints.
- Select activity Module 2: Lesson 1: Public Health Systems and Agencies
  
  Module 2: Lesson 1: Public Health Systems and Agencies
  
  Student Learning Outcomes:
  
  Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
  
  Identify the roles and responsibilities of governments and public health agencies in pandemic preparedness and response activities
  
  Describe the structure of international public health systems, the assets, and authority at each level of government (local, state, federal).
  
  Outline the roles and responsibilities of hospitals, community-based healthcare professionals, and health science students in pandemic response efforts in high- and low-income countries.
  
  Summarize the importance of collaboration among governments and health systems internationally in developing strategies to improve pandemic preparedness and response on a global scale.
  
  Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 1 hour and 28 minutes.
  
  Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Select activity Building resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of centres of government
  
  Building resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of centres of government URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read the content under the headings "The policy context of a major crisis" on pages 2-4 and "Strategic insights for policy and governance" on pages 17-18. (13 minutes)
  OECD
- Select activity The 10 Essential Public Health Services: An Overview
  
  The 10 Essential Public Health Services: An Overview URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read all the slides. (5 minutes)
  CDC
- Select activity Ensuring Health Equity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Public Health Infrastructure
  
  Ensuring Health Equity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Public Health Infrastructure URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read the content from the heading "Importance of Robust Public Health Structure" to the end of the article. (7 minutes)
  Pan American Journal of Public Health-2020
- Select activity International Health Care System Profiles
  
  International Health Care System Profiles URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Click on the profiles for Netherlands, Israel, and Taiwan, and read the content under the subheading "Role of government," including the diagrams showing the organization of the healthcare system.
  (We strongly recommend reviewing other healthcare systems around the world too and read the full content to obtain a more holistic understanding of health systems internationally.) (7 minutes)
  The Commonwealth Fund
- Select activity The Role of Primary Care in a Pandemic: Reflections During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada
  
  The Role of Primary Care in a Pandemic: Reflections During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read the all the content from the heading "Educate and Communicate" to the end of "Pandemic Planning." (8 minutes)
  NCBI
- Select activity Pan American Health Organization Response to COVID-19 in the Americas.
  
  Pan American Health Organization Response to COVID-19 in the Americas. URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read the content under the heading "Introduction" on pages 1-2.
  If you have time, it is recommended to read the rest of the document. It provides a detailed report of PAHO's collaborations with other institutions and organizations to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean. (4 minutes)
  PAHO-2021
- Select activity Recommended Additional Readings
  
  Recommended Additional Readings
- Select activity Public health awareness: knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the general public on health risks during the H1N1 influenza pandemic
  
  Public health awareness: knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the general public on health risks during the H1N1 influenza pandemic URL
  
  Read the content under the heading "Introduction" and "Discussion" of the article. (12 minutes)
  
  SpringerNature
- Select activity Jamaica's Effort in Improving Universal Access Within Fiscal Constraints
  
  Jamaica's Effort in Improving Universal Access Within Fiscal Constraints URL
  
  Read the content under the heading "2. Health Sector Overview" on pages 1-3. (7 minutes)
  
  World Bank
- Select activity Caribbean countries boost the capacities of nurses in critical care during COVID-19
  
  Caribbean countries boost the capacities of nurses in critical care during COVID-19 URL
  
  Read the entire webpage. (5 minutes)
  
  WHO
- Select activity Primary health care and health emergencies
  
  Primary health care and health emergencies URL
  
  Read the content under the heading "Roles of primary health care in health emergencies" and "Primary health care and health emergencies: opportunities for action" on pages 4-23. (36 minutes)
  
  World Health Organization
- Select activity Role of primary care providers in a pandemic – conflicting views and future opportunities
  
  Role of primary care providers in a pandemic – conflicting views and future opportunities URL
  
  Read the entire webpage. (11 minutes)
  
  US National Library of Medicine
- Select activity International Cooperative Responses to Pandemic Threats - A Critical Analysis
  
  International Cooperative Responses to Pandemic Threats - A Critical Analysis URL
  
  Read the content under the heading "4. Challenges for International Cooperative Responses to Pandemic Threats" and "5. Patterns of International Policy Responses to Infectious Disease Outbreaks and Pandemics". (12 minutes)
  
  ResearchGate
- Select activity COVID-19 in the Caribbean: Lessons Learned from the Ongoing International Medical and Scientific Cooperation
  
  COVID-19 in the Caribbean: Lessons Learned from the Ongoing International Medical and Scientific Cooperation URL
  
  Read the entire article (11 minutes)
  
  BMJ-2021
- Select activity Emerge, detect, contain: the critical role of public health in a pandemic
  
  Emerge, detect, contain: the critical role of public health in a pandemic URL
  
  Watch the entire video. (83 minutes)
  
  The University of Queenland
- Select activity Module 2: Lesson 2: Pandemic Preparedness and Response
  
  Module 2: Lesson 2: Pandemic Preparedness and Response
  
  Student Learning Outcomes:
  
  Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
  
  Describe the socioeconomic factors at the individual, community, and national levels that hinder pandemic preparedness and response.
  
  Compare the barriers to pandemic preparedness and response between high- and low-income countries.
  
  Outline the pandemic response strategies that have been implemented in high- and low-income countries.
  
  Identify key components and core capabilities of successful pandemic preparedness and response plans.
  
  Prescribe strategies to enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of pandemic response plans based on the resources available.
  
  Approximate time required for the readings for this lesson (at 144 words/minute): 8 hours and 15 minutes.
  
  Required Learning Resources and Activities
- Select activity International Cooperative Responses to Pandemic Threats - A Critical Analysis
  
  International Cooperative Responses to Pandemic Threats - A Critical Analysis URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read the content under the heading "3. The Economics of Infectious Disease and Pandemics". (5 minutes)
  ResearchGate
- Select activity Influence of Community and Culture in the Ethical Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in a Pandemic Situation: Deliberative Democracy Study
  
  Influence of Community and Culture in the Ethical Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in a Pandemic Situation: Deliberative Democracy Study URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read the content in the Introduction under the heading "Legal and Ethical Preparedness for an Influenza Pandemic." (2 minutes)
  Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Select activity Challenges of the Pandemic Response in Primary Care during Pre-Vaccination Period: A Qualitative Study
  
  Challenges of the Pandemic Response in Primary Care during Pre-Vaccination Period: A Qualitative Study URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read the content under the headings "Background" and "Discussion." (21 minutes)
  BMC
- Select activity Perceived barriers to the practice of preventive measures for COVID-19 pandemic among health professionals in public health facilities of the Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia: a phenomenological study
  
  Perceived barriers to the practice of preventive measures for COVID-19 pandemic among health professionals in public health facilities of the Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia: a phenomenological study URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read the content under the headings "Discussion", and "Conclusions." (7 minutes)
  SpringerNature
- Select activity Health Systems' Resilience: COVID-19 Response in Trinidad and Tobago
  
  Health Systems' Resilience: COVID-19 Response in Trinidad and Tobago URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read all the content from the heading "Leadership and Governance" to the end of the article. (8 minutes)
  The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
- Select activity Lack of Solidarity Hampered Europe's Coronavirus Response, Research Finds
  
  Lack of Solidarity Hampered Europe's Coronavirus Response, Research Finds URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read the entire article. (11 minutes)
  European Commission
- Select activity Sub-Saharan Africa Preparedness and Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perspective of Early Career African Scientists
  
  Sub-Saharan Africa Preparedness and Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perspective of Early Career African Scientists URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read the content under the headings "Sub-Saharan Africa preparedness for COVID-19" and "Sub-Saharan Africa response to COVID-19" including "Table 1." (13 minutes)
  NCBI
- Select activity Managing Epidemics - Key Facts About Major Deadily Diseases
  
  Managing Epidemics - Key Facts About Major Deadily Diseases URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read the content on pages 25-27. (8 minutes)
  WHO-2018
- Select activity Pandemic resilience and health systems preparedness: lessons from COVID-19 for the twenty-first century
  
  Pandemic resilience and health systems preparedness: lessons from COVID-19 for the twenty-first century URL
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Read the content from the heading "Adequately designed primary health care" up to "Conclusion." (22 minutes)
  SpringerNature
- Select activity Reflective Essay 1 (180 mins)
  
  Reflective Essay 1 (180 mins) Forum
  
  Students must
  
  View
  
  Start discussions: 1
  
  In this activity, you will identify and compare different regions which had a successful/unsuccessful response to current or past infectious disease pandemic/epidemic.
  
  Instructions
  
  1. Select and compare a current or past infectious disease pandemic/epidemic and identify one country which had a successful response and one country/region which had a failed/unsuccessful response. One of the countries must be the country you selected for module 1 activity.
  
  2. In 1000 - 1200 words, write a reflective essay that:
  
  Breaks down the major weaknesses of the failed response
  
  Explains which action items from the successful response can potentially be applied to improve the failed response
  OR
  
  Which action items are unsuitable/unfeasible for that country.
  
  3. You must cite and reference at least three credible sources. All references should follow the 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts)
  
  4.The paper should be written in Times New Roman, point 12, and double spaced. Submit the paper along with a cover page and reference.
  
  5. To submit your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work in the “message” box.
  
  6. Evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - F of this rubric. Provide a rationale for the grade you have provided, as well as comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:
  
  Item A is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item B is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item C is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item D is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item E is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
  Item F is .…. because…. My suggestions for improvement are….
- Select activity Quiz: Module 2
  
  Quiz: Module 2
  
  To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the attempt quiz button to view the case studies and respond to the questions.
  TO PASS THIS QUIZ YOU MUST OBTAIN A SCORE OF 80%.
  
  Not available unless: The activity Quiz: Module 1 is marked complete
- Select activity Recommended Additional Readings
  
  Recommended Additional Readings
- Select activity SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on the Caribbean Islands of the Dutch Kingdom: A Unique Challenge
  
  SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on the Caribbean Islands of the Dutch Kingdom: A Unique Challenge URL
  
  Read the content under the heading "Challenges and Recommendations for SIDs." (15 minutes)
  
  Pan American Journal of Public Health-2020
- Select activity Enablers and Barriers to Community Engagement in Public Health Emergency Preparedness: A Literature Review
  
  Enablers and Barriers to Community Engagement in Public Health Emergency Preparedness: A Literature Review URL
  
  Read the entire article. (25 minutes)
  
  SpringerNature
- Select activity Attitudes, Motivators, and Barriers to Emergency Preparedness Using the 2016 Styles Survey
  
  Attitudes, Motivators, and Barriers to Emergency Preparedness Using the 2016 Styles Survey URL
  
  Read the entire article. (26 minutes)
  
  Sage Journals
- Select activity Prioritizing knowledge translation in low- and middle-income countries to support pandemic response and preparedness
  
  Prioritizing knowledge translation in low- and middle-income countries to support pandemic response and preparedness URL
  
  Read the entire article. (11 minutes)
  
  SpringerNature
- Select activity A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis of public health in India in the context of COVID-19 pandemic
  
  A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis of public health in India in the context of COVID-19 pandemic URL
  
  Read the entire webpage. (12 minutes)
  
  Indian Journal of Community Medicine
- Select activity COVID-19 Global Response – Strengths, Weaknesses, Success and Failure
  
  COVID-19 Global Response – Strengths, Weaknesses, Success and Failure URL
  
  Read the content under the headings "South Korea's Successful Three-Phased Response to COVID-19" and "Why the U.S. and U.K. Failed to Tackle the COVID-19 Pandemic?". (7 minutes)
  
  ICU Management Journal Library
- Select activity What is a resilient health system? Lessons from Ebola
  
  What is a resilient health system? Lessons from Ebola URL
  
  Read the entire webpage. (15 minutes)
  
  The Lancet Journal
- Select activity A Checklist for COVID-2019 Pandemic Risk and Impact Management
  
  A Checklist for COVID-2019 Pandemic Risk and Impact Management URL
  
  Read the content on pages 4-15. (20 minutes)
  
  PAHO
- Select activity Pandemic Influenza Framework
  
  Pandemic Influenza Framework URL
  
  Read the sections "Planning and Preparedness," "Response," and "Pandemic Specific Response Arrangements" on pages 9-17. (20 minutes)
  
  London Resilience Partnership
- Select activity The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises- Chapter 3 Strengthening Public Health as the Foundation of the Health System and First Line of Defense
  
  The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises- Chapter 3 Strengthening Public Health as the Foundation of the Health System and First Line of Defense URL
  
  Read the entire document up until the heading "National Governments' Responsibility to Protect their own People and Play their Part in Protecting Humankind by Implementing the International Health Regulations". (34 minutes)
  
  The National Academies Press
- Select activity Building a coherent response for a sustainable post-COVID-19 recovery
  
  Building a coherent response for a sustainable post-COVID-19 recovery URL
  
  Read the content under the heading "Towards a policy coherence roadmap for a sustainable and inclusive recovery". (60 minutes)
  
  The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Introduction

Course Registration

Peer Corner

Pre-Test

Module 1: Past, Present, & Future Pandemics

A Guide to Coronavirus-Related Words

Coronavirus Glossary: Key Terms About the Pandemic Explained

WHO Pandemics Descriptions and Main Actions by Page

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A syndemic perspective

Environments, Behaviors, and Inequalities: Reflecting on the Impacts of the Influenza and Coronavirus Pandemics in the United States

Large, delayed outbreaks of endemic diseases possible following COVID-19 controls

One Health Basics

Discussion Forum 1 (150 mins)

5 reasons why pandemics like COVID-19 are becoming more likely

Managing Epidemics - Key Facts About Major Deadily Diseases

A Deep Look into the Biology and Evolution of COVID-19

Syndemics: health in context

Caribbean Resilience and Prosperity through One Health

One Health Strategic Framework 2017-2023

One health approach and COVID-19: A perspective

Module 2: Pandemics in High- and Low-Income Countries

Building resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of centres of government

The 10 Essential Public Health Services: An Overview

Ensuring Health Equity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Public Health Infrastructure

International Health Care System Profiles

The Role of Primary Care in a Pandemic: Reflections During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada

Pan American Health Organization Response to COVID-19 in the Americas.

Public health awareness: knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the general public on health risks during the H1N1 influenza pandemic

Jamaica's Effort in Improving Universal Access Within Fiscal Constraints

Caribbean countries boost the capacities of nurses in critical care during COVID-19

Primary health care and health emergencies

Role of primary care providers in a pandemic – conflicting views and future opportunities

International Cooperative Responses to Pandemic Threats - A Critical Analysis

COVID-19 in the Caribbean: Lessons Learned from the Ongoing International Medical and Scientific Cooperation

Emerge, detect, contain: the critical role of public health in a pandemic

International Cooperative Responses to Pandemic Threats - A Critical Analysis

Influence of Community and Culture in the Ethical Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in a Pandemic Situation: Deliberative Democracy Study

Challenges of the Pandemic Response in Primary Care during Pre-Vaccination Period: A Qualitative Study

Perceived barriers to the practice of preventive measures for COVID-19 pandemic among health professionals in public health facilities of the Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia: a phenomenological study

Health Systems' Resilience: COVID-19 Response in Trinidad and Tobago

Lack of Solidarity Hampered Europe's Coronavirus Response, Research Finds

Sub-Saharan Africa Preparedness and Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perspective of Early Career African Scientists

Managing Epidemics - Key Facts About Major Deadily Diseases

Pandemic resilience and health systems preparedness: lessons from COVID-19 for the twenty-first century

Reflective Essay 1 (180 mins)

SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on the Caribbean Islands of the Dutch Kingdom: A Unique Challenge

Enablers and Barriers to Community Engagement in Public Health Emergency Preparedness: A Literature Review

Attitudes, Motivators, and Barriers to Emergency Preparedness Using the 2016 Styles Survey

Prioritizing knowledge translation in low- and middle-income countries to support pandemic response and preparedness

A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis of public health in India in the context of COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 Global Response – Strengths, Weaknesses, Success and Failure

What is a resilient health system? Lessons from Ebola

A Checklist for COVID-2019 Pandemic Risk and Impact Management

Pandemic Influenza Framework

The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises- Chapter 3 Strengthening Public Health as the Foundation of the Health System and First Line of Defense

Building a coherent response for a sustainable post-COVID-19 recovery

Module 3: Origin and Progression of Viruses with Pandemic Potential

How the Flu Virus Can Change: "Drift" and "Shift"

Could Environment Affect the Mutation of H1N1 Influenza Virus?

SARS-CoV-2 Variants

The Effects of Virus Variants on COVID-19 Vaccines

Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes

Similarities and Differences between Flu and COVID-19

The Origin and Prevention of Pandemics

Transmission of Avian Influenza A Viruses Between Animals and People

The COVID-19 Pandemic: Diverse Contexts; Different Epidemics - How and Why?

Discussion Forum 2 (150 mins)

A Deep Look into the Biology and Evolution of COVID-19

The Origin of COVID-19 and Why It Matters

Impact of Systematic Factors on the Outbreak Outcomes of the Novel COVID-19 Disease in China: Factor Analysis Study

Emerging Infectious Diseseases: Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease in Gansu Province, China, 2020

Distribution and Risk Factors of 2009 Pandemic Influenza (H1N1) in Mainland China

Module 4: Testing and Surveillance

Episode #14 - COVID-19 - Tests

Rapid Expert Consultation on Critical Issues in Diagnostic Testing for the COVID-19 Pandemic

Importance of diagnostics in epidemic and pandemic preparedness

Surveillance and the "New Normal" of COVID-19: Public Health, Data and Justie

Ethical issues in managing the COVID-19 pandemic

Suppressing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using controlled testing and isolation

Preventing the next pandemic: the power of a global viral surveillance network

Trials & Approved Vaccines by Country