Section: Module 3: Healthcare Delivery in Rural Communities | Rural Health and Aging | NextGenU.org

  • Competency covered in this module: 
    • Describe the benefits of having community health workers in rural health.
    • Identify and discuss the barriers and solutions to a rural community's infrastructure (e.g., health IT and emergency medical services) and its impact on healthcare delivery.
    • Module 3: Lesson 1: Community Health Workers in Rural Health

      Student Learning Outcomes:

      Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
      • Express the operational definition of community health workers and the alternative titles used to identify it.
      • Examine the different functions that community health workers carry out and how the rural populations benefit from them.
      • Differentiate rural healthcare from urban healthcare in terms of availability of health personnel and services.
      • Reflect on the impact of community health workers in rural aging communities.

      Approximate time required to complete the readings (at 144 words/minute) and assignments for this lesson: 4 hours and 9 minutes.

       
      Required Learning Resources and Activities
    • Read the abstract, discussion, and conclusion. (13 minutes)

      Global Health Action-2017

    • Read the content from pages 1 to 2 under "Community Health Workers" and "Definition of Terms." (5 minutes)

      Brigham and Women's Hospital-2018

    • Read the paragraphs before the Frequently Asked Questions. (2 minutes)

      The Rural Health Information Hub-2019

    • Read entire page except "Resources to Learn More." (1 minute)

      The Rural Health Information Hub-2020

    • Read entire page except "Resources to Learn More." (2 minutes)

      The Rural Health Information Hub-2020

    • Read the content under the section titled Results: Approachability, Acceptability, Availability and Accommodation, Affordability, and Appropriateness; Discussion, and Conclusions. (27 minutes)

      BMC Health Services Research-2019

    • Read the content under, "Central role of CHWs in the community," and "Multiple benefits for the elderly" (5 minutes)

      Centers for Disease Prevention and Control-2013

    • In this activity, you will reflect on the impact of community health workers as key players in a community-based intervention program for a rural aging community. 

      Step 1: Review

      Study the given scenario below. 

      Find a health-related community-based intervention program in your community/region (or anywhere in the world) that targets a rural aging population. Imagine that you are the Lead Researcher and Educator for that intervention program in your community/region. 

      As the Lead Researcher and Educator, you are responsible for communicating the progress of the program to the Director. At the end of the program, the Director emails you to inquire about an initial outcomes report of the program. Your feedback is valuable as it will be a key determinant of the replication of the program elsewhere.

      (If you are unable to find an appropriate intervention program in your community/region, you may use this one: StrongWomen–Healthy Hearts program)

      Step 2: Respond

      Prepare a 500-900 word email correspondence about:

      1. Initial outcomes of the program

        • Different roles carried out by facilitators and other collaborators
          • How does each role/function contribute to the overall success of the program?
          • What are the indicators that the participants have benefited from working with the facilitators?
        • Impact of the intervention program on the participants
          • What significant differences did the intervention program make in the community?
          • How are the facilitators and other collaborators accountable for the success rate of the program?
          • What modifications need to be made to increase the impact of the program in the event that it will be re-implemented or replicated?

      2. Important considerations for the adaptation of the program

        • What new goals can be incorporated into the program related to substance use/abuse, and alcoholism?
        • What additional roles/responsibilities can be explored to increase workforce participation in relation to achieving the new goals?
        • How can the members of the community, including those who did not participate (e.g. teenage groups, younger adults), benefit from the “improved” program?

      Step 3: Share

      To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work in the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

      Step 4: Interact

      To complete the activity, you will need to reply to at least two posts made by your peers in a respectful and professional manner. Ensure that your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas of other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to the forum.”

      OPTIONAL Step 5: Interact (10 minutes)

      If you would like to, you can reply to your peers' posts in a respectful and professional manner. Ensure that your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas of other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.”

    • Additional Learning Options
    • Module 3: Lesson 2: Barriers and Solutions for Healthcare Delivery in Rural Communities

      Student Learning Outcomes:

      Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
      • Discuss the challenges to healthcare delivery in rural communities.
      • Explain how infrastructure is relevant to quality healthcare delivery for both public health and healthcare.
      • Describe the concept of healthcare and public health infrastructure.
      • Assess the key features of public health and healthcare infrastructure in rural United States.
      • Examine healthcare models used in healthcare delivery in rural communities.
      • Review a sample of recommendations on public health and healthcare infrastructure for improved healthcare delivery.
      • Discuss possible ways in which healthcare models and recommendations can be implemented to improve healthcare delivery for older adults.
      • Elaborate on the possible challenges in implementing models and recommendations for improved healthcare delivery in rural communities.

      Approximate time required to complete the readings (at 144 words/minute) and assignments for this lesson: 8 hours and 45 minutes.

       
      Required Learning Resources and Activities
    • Read the following sections: (23 minutes)
      1. What are barriers to healthcare access in rural areas?
      2. What types of healthcare services are frequently difficult to access in rural areas?
      3. How do rural healthcare facility and service closures impact access to care? 

      The Rural Health Information Hub-2019

    • Read content under "Access to Healthcare." (4 minutes)

      Europe PMC Funders Group-2018

    • Read the entire article. (5 minutes)

      United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security-2020

    • Read the entire article. (14 minutes)

      NCBI-2015

    • Read the following sections of the article: (2 minutes)
      1. Overview.
      2. Why is Public Health Structure Important?
      3. Understanding Public Health Infrastructure.

      Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services-2021

    • Read the following section of the page: (4 minutes)
      1. What infrastructure and governance exists in rural areas for public health agencies?

      Rural Health Information Hub-2020

    • Read the entire module introduction and all the links provided in the subsection program models. (9 minutes)

      • Community Organization Model
      • Community Readiness Model
      • PRECEDE/PROCEED
      • Clinical Model
      • Workplace Model

      Rural Health Information Hub-2018

    • Read Chapter 4: Recommendations. (8 minutes)

      Walsh Center for Rural Health Analysis-2012

    • Read the subsection: Implementation Considerations. (5 minutes)

      Rural Health Information Hub-2017

    • Read the following sections of the module: (8 minutes)
      • Implementation Challenges
      • Staff Training and Education
      • Financial Resources
      • Technology
      • Partnerships

      Rural Health Information Hub-2019

    • Read the section that aligns with your chosen model in the Peer Activity. (Estimated time to complete peer activity (540 minutes).
      • Housing
      • Legal Assistance
      • Telehealth/Home Health
      • Caregivers and Caregiver Well-Being
      • Transportation Programs
      • Community Integration
      • Community Supports
      • Designing Age-Friendly Communities

      Rural Health Information Hub-2019

    • Read the content under the heading "Challenges to Infrastructure Establishment" on pages 14-16. (6 minutes)

      Walsh Center for Rural Health Analysis-2012

    • Watch the entire webinar. (83 minutes)

    • Watch the entire webinar The LTSS webinar introduces participants to the Opioid Response Network (STR-TA) and provides an overview of the intersection of aging and the opioid epidemic. Presenters discussed examples and implications for treatment and care in American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities. (61 minutes)

    • In this activity, you will discuss the process of implementing some recommendations and a rural health model to support rural aging in place. 

      Step 1: Review

      Study the given scenario:

      You have been invited to participate in a speaking engagement event titled “Rural Aging in Place: On Maintaining Independence, Autonomy, and Connection.” Prior to this event, you attended a stakeholder meeting to review some recommendations on public health and healthcare infrastructure to improve healthcare delivery.

      As a speaker, you are requested to deliver a talk on how to improve and support rural aging in place by implementing the following:

        1. Recommendations on public health and healthcare infrastructures on rural healthcare delivery.
        2. One selected model from the eight models that support rural aging in place.

       The eight models are as follows: 

              • Housing
              • Legal Assistance
              • Telehealth/Home Health
              • Caregivers and Caregiver Well-Being
              • Transportation Programs
              • Community Integration
              • Community Supports
              • Designing Age-Friendly Communities

      Note:  As talk guides, review the following course readings again:

      Establishing and Maintaining Public Health Infrastructure in Rural Communities.
      (Read Chapter 4: Recommendations)

      Module 2: Evidence-Based and Promising Aging in Place Program Models.
       (Read the section that aligns with your chosen model in the Peer Activity)

      Step 2: Respond

      Prepare a 3-5 minute talk about the implementation of the recommendations on infrastructures and chosen health model to support rural aging in place, with the following highlights:

          • Key features of the recommendations on infrastructures and health model.
          • A real-life example of the health model anywhere in the world.
          • Possible challenges when implementing both the recommendations on infrastructures and health model.
          • Possible ways to effectively implement both the recommendations on infrastructures and health model in the rural aging community.

      Step 3: Present

      Present your talk by recording yourself using Loom or any video-recording/video curation tool that allows you to share your work through a link. 

      Step 4: Share

      To share your work, click on the “Reply” button under this post and paste the shareable link of your talk in the “Message” box. Make sure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

      Step 5: Interact

      Evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of this rubric. Provide a rationale for the grade you provided, as well as comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:

      Item A is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
      Item B is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
      Item C is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
      Item D is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
      Item E is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….

      OPTIONAL Step 6: Interact (10 minutes)

      If you would like to, you can reply to your peers' posts in a respectful and professional manner. Ensure that your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas of other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.”

    • quiz icon
      Quiz: Module 3

      To access the quiz, click on the name of the quiz provided above. On the following screen, click the "Preview quiz now" button to respond to the questions.
      TO PASS THIS QUIZ YOU MUST OBTAIN A SCORE OF 21/26
      Not available unless: The activity Quiz: Module 2 is complete and passed
    • Additional Learning Options
    • Read the entire article. (23 minutes)

      BMC Health Services Research-2008

    • Read the entire article. (12 minutes)

      Indian Journal of Community Medicine-2016

    • Read entire article. (11 minutes)

      The World Bank-2015